MOBILE HANDSET DESIGN -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to Mobile Handsets -- 1.1 Introduction to Telecommunication -- 1.1.1 Basic Elements of Telecommunication -- 1.2 Introduction to Wireless Telecommunication Systems -- 1.2.1 Generation of Electromagnetic Carrier Waves for Wireless Communication -- 1.2.2 Concept of the Antenna -- 1.2.3 Basic Building Blocks of a Wireless Transmitter and Receiver -- 1.2.4 The Need for a Communication Protocol -- 1.3 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems -- 1.3.1 Introduction of Low Mobility Supported Wireless Phones -- 1.3.2 Introduction to Cellular Mobile Communication -- 1.3.3 Introduction to Mobile Handsets -- Further Reading -- 2 Problem Analysis in Mobile Communication System -- 2.1 Introduction to Wireless Channels -- 2.2 Impact of Signal Propagation on Radio Channel -- 2.2.1 Reflection -- 2.2.2 Diffraction -- 2.2.3 Scattering -- 2.3 Signal Attenuation and Path Loss -- 2.3.1 Empirical Model for Path Loss -- 2.4 Link Budget Analysis -- 2.5 Multipath Effect -- 2.5.1 Two Ray Ground Reflection Model -- 2.6 Delay Spread -- 2.6.1 Coherent BW (Bc) -- 2.7 Doppler Spread -- 2.7.1 Coherence Time (Tc) -- 2.8 Fading -- 2.8.1 Large-Scale Fading -- 2.8.2 Small-Scale Fading -- 2.8.3 Flat Fading -- 2.8.4 Frequency-Selective Fading -- 2.8.5 Fast Fading -- 2.8.6 Slow Fading -- 2.9 Signal Fading Statistics -- 2.9.1 Rician Distribution -- 2.9.2 Rayleigh Distribution -- 2.9.3 Log-Normal Distribution -- 2.10 Interference -- 2.10.1 Inter-Symbol Interference -- 2.10.2 Co-Channel Interference -- 2.10.3 Adjacent Channel Interference -- 2.11 Noise -- 2.11.1 Noise in a Two-Port Circuit -- 2.11.2 Thermal Noise -- 2.11.3 White Noise -- 2.11.4 Flicker Noise -- 2.11.5 Phase Noise -- 2.11.6 Burst Noise -- 2.11.7 Shot Noise -- 2.11.8 Avalanche Noise -- 2.11.9 Noise Figure (NF) -- Further Reading.

3 Design Solutions Analysis for Mobile Handsets -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Diversity -- 3.2.1 Time Diversity -- 3.2.2 Frequency Diversity -- 3.2.3 Space Diversity -- 3.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization -- 3.3.1 Study of Channel Characteristics - Channel Estimation -- 3.3.2 Equalization -- 3.3.3 Equalizer Implementation -- 3.3.4 Signal Model -- 3.3.5 Types of Equalizers -- 3.4 Different Techniques for Interference Mitigation -- 3.4.1 Frequency Hopping -- 3.4.2 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) -- 3.4.3 Cell Sectorization -- 3.4.4 Use of Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) Codec -- 3.4.5 MIMO -- 3.5 Channel Coding -- 3.5.1 Block Codes -- 3.5.2 Convolution Codes -- 3.5.3 Turbo Codes -- 3.6 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Incremental Redundancy -- 3.7 Interleaving -- 3.8 Modulation -- 3.8.1 Analog Modulation -- 3.8.2 Digital Modulation -- 3.9 Bit Rate, Baud Rate, and Symbol Rate -- 3.10 Inband Signaling -- Further Reading -- 4 Mobile RF Transmitter and Receiver Design Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction to RF Transceiver -- 4.2 Mixer Implementations -- 4.2.1 Design Parameters -- 4.3 Receiver Front-End Architecture -- 4.3.1 Different Types of RF Down Conversion Techniques -- 4.3.2 Homodyne Receiver -- 4.3.3 Low-IF Receiver -- 4.3.4 Wideband-IF Receiver -- 4.4 Receiver Performance Evaluation Parameters -- 4.4.1 Receiver Architecture Comparison -- 4.5 Transmitter Front-End Architecture -- 4.5.1 Power-Limited and Bandwidth Limited Digital Communication System Design Issues -- 4.5.2 Investigation of the Trade-offs between Modulation and Amplifier Non-Linearity -- 4.6 Transmitter Architecture Design -- 4.6.1 Non-Linear Transmitter -- 4.6.2 Linear Transmitter -- 4.6.3 Common Architecture for Non-Linear and Linear Transmitter -- 4.6.4 Polar Transmitter -- 4.7 Transmitter Performance Measure -- 4.7.1 Design Challenges -- Further Reading.

5 Wireless Channel Multiple Access Techniques for Mobile Phones -- 5.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques -- 5.1.1 Time Division Multiplexing -- 5.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing -- 5.3 Duplexing Techniques -- 5.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) -- 5.3.2 Time Division Duplexing (TDD) -- 5.4 Spectral Efficiency -- 5.5 Code Division Multiple Access -- 5.5.1 Spectrum Spreading Concepts -- 5.5.2 Mathematical Concepts -- 5.5.3 Correlation -- 5.5.4 Auto-Correlation -- 5.5.5 Orthogonality -- 5.5.6 Implementation -- 5.5.7 Multiple Access Using CDMA -- 5.5.8 Commercialization of CDMA -- 5.5.9 Generation of a Scrambling Code -- 5.5.10 Process Gain -- 5.5.11 Different Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques -- 5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) -- 5.6.1 Importance of Orthogonality -- 5.6.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM -- 5.6.3 Mathematics to Practice -- 5.6.4 Digital Implementation of Fourier Transform -- 5.6.5 OFDM History -- 5.6.6 Key Advantages of the OFDM Transmission Scheme -- 5.6.7 Drawbacks of OFDM -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 GSM System (2G) Overview -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 History of GSM -- 6.3 Overview of GSM Network Architecture -- 6.3.1 Mobile Station (MS) -- 6.3.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS) -- 6.3.3 Network Subsystem (NSS) -- 6.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS) -- 6.4 PLMN and Network Operators -- 6.4.1 Hierarchy of GSM Network Entities -- 6.4.2 GSM Network Areas -- 6.4.3 Objectives of a GSM PLMN -- 6.4.4 PLMN -- 6.5 GSM Mobility and Roaming -- 6.6 GSM PLMN Services -- 6.7 GSM Interfaces -- 6.7.1 Radio Interface (MS to BTS) -- 6.7.2 Abis Interface (BTS to BSC) -- 6.7.3 A Interface (BSC to MSC) -- 6.8 GSM Subscriber and Equipment Identity -- 6.8.1 International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) -- 6.8.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).

6.8.3 Temporary International Mobile Subscriber Identity (TIMSI) -- 6.8.4 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) -- 6.8.5 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) -- 6.8.6 Location Area Identity (LAI) -- 6.8.7 Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI) -- 6.8.8 Cell Identifier (CI) -- 6.8.9 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) -- 6.8.10 Identification of MSCs and Location Registers -- 6.8.11 PIN and PUK -- Further Reading -- 7 GSM Radio Modem Design: From Speech to Radio Wave -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 GSM Logical Channels -- 7.2.1 Traffic Channels -- 7.2.2 Signaling Channels -- 7.2.3 Cell Broadcast Channel -- 7.3 GSM Physical Channel -- 7.3.1 Mapping of Logical Channel to Physical Channel -- 7.4 GSM Bursts -- 7.4.1 Burst Structure -- 7.5 Burst RF Output Spectrum -- 7.5.1 RF Characteristics -- 7.6 Channel Allocation -- 7.7 GSM Frame Structure -- 7.8 Combination of Logical Channels -- 7.8.1 Mapping of Traffic Channels and SACCH -- 7.8.2 Mapping of SDCCH -- 7.8.3 Mapping of Broadcast and Common Channels -- 7.9 Physical Layer Processing for Logical Channel Transmission and Reception Procedures -- 7.9.1 Traffic Channel Transmission Procedures (from Speech to Radio Waves) -- 7.9.2 User Data Transmission Using TCH -- 7.9.3 Signaling Channel Transmission Procedures -- 7.10 Design of Transmitter and Receiver Blocks for GSM Radio Modem -- Further Reading -- 8 GSM Mobile Phone Software Design -- 8.1 Introduction to GSM Mobile Handset Software -- 8.1.1 Boot Loader and Initial Power on Software Module -- 8.2 Operating System Software -- 8.2.1 Symbian -- 8.2.2 RT-Linux -- 8.2.3 Palm -- 8.3 Device Driver Software -- 8.4 GSM System Protocol Software -- 8.4.1 GSM Mobile Handset (MS) Protocol Stack -- 8.4.2 Air Interface (Um) Protocol -- 8.4.3 Abis Interface -- 8.4.4 A Interface -- 8.5 Speech and Multimedia Application Software -- 8.5.1 Speech Codec -- 8.5.2 Audio Codec.

8.5.3 Image -- 8.5.4 Video -- References -- 9 GSM Mobile Phone Operations and Procedures -- 9.1 Initial Procedures after Mobile Power ON -- 9.1.1 Cell Selection -- 9.1.2 Synchronization -- 9.1.3 Flow Diagram of Initial Mobile Acquisition -- 9.2 Idle Mode -- 9.2.1 Paging and Discontinuous Reception (DRX) -- 9.2.2 Cell Re-Selection -- 9.2.3 PLMN Selection -- 9.3 Location Updating -- 9.4 Security Procedure -- 9.4.1 PIN Code Protection -- 9.4.2 Anonymity -- 9.4.3 Authentication -- 9.4.4 Encryption and Decryption -- 9.4.5 Weaknesses of GSM Security -- 9.5 Access Mode -- 9.5.1 Mobile Originating (MO) Call Procedure -- 9.5.2 Channel usage for Incoming Call Establishment -- 9.6 Handover -- 9.6.1 Handover Process -- 9.6.2 Example Handover Procedure -- 9.7 Radio Resource Control Procedure -- 9.8 Mobility Management Procedure -- 9.9 Call Routing -- 9.10 Power Control -- 9.11 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception -- 9.12 Frequency Hopping -- 9.12.1 Frequency Hopping Sequences -- Further Reading -- 10 Anatomy of a GSM Mobile Handset -- 10.1 Introduction to the GSM Handset -- 10.2 Functional Blocks Inside a GSM Mobile Phone -- 10.3 Hardware Block Diagram of a Mobile Phone -- 10.4 GSM Transmitter and Receiver Module -- 10.4.1 Channel Equalization -- 10.5 Antenna -- 10.5.1 Antenna Parameters -- 10.5.2 Conventional Mobile Phone Antennas -- 10.6 Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) Module -- 10.7 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Module -- 10.8 Automatic Frequency Correction Module -- 10.8.1 Analog VC-TCXO -- 10.8.2 Digitally Controlled Crystal Oscillators - DCXO -- 10.8.3 AFC Implementation for a Typical GSM Handset -- 10.9 Loudspeaker -- 10.10 Microphone (MIC) -- 10.10.1 Principle of Operation -- 10.11 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) -- 10.12 Application Processing Unit -- 10.13 Camera -- 10.14 LCD Display -- 10.15 Keypad -- 10.16 Connectivity Modules.

10.16.1 Bluetooth.