ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ADVANCES IN OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION OF OXALIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORIGINS, SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE -- 3. REACTIVITY AND TOXICITY -- 3.1. Thermal Decomposition of Oxalic Acid -- 3.2. Chemical Reactivity -- 4. DECOMPOSITION METHODS -- 4.1. Physical Methods -- 4.2. Chemical Methods -- 4.3. Biochemical and Enzymatic Methods -- 5. CONVENTIONAL OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES -- 5.1. Fenton Oxidative Techniques -- 5.2. Photochemical Techniques -- 5.3. Photocatalytic Oxidation Techniques (UV/Tio2) -- 5.4. Ozonation -- 5.4.1. Molecular Ozone Attack -- 5.4.2. Radical Attack -- 5.5. Correlation between pH on OH* Radical -- 6. ADVANCED OXIDATIVE TECHNIQUES -- 6.1. Ozonation under UV Exposure -- 6.2. Ozonation under UV Exposure in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 6.3. Catalytic Ozonation -- 7. CATALYSTS FOR OZONATION -- 7.1. Dissolved Metal Cation Catalysts -- 7.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.3. TiO2 Catalysts and Derivatives -- 7.4. Carbon-Based Catalysts -- 7.5. Aluminosilicate-Based Catalysts -- 8. OZONATION OVER CLAY-BASED CATALYST -- 8.1. Effect of the Solid Surface -- 8.2. Role of Ph on the Clay Behavior and Reagent-Surface Interactions -- 8.2.1. Ozonation at Low pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.2. Ozonation at Elevated pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.3. Adsorption and OH* Radical Contributions -- 8.3. Role of the Exchangeable Cation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 4. EMISSION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT -- 5. EXPOSURE OF HUMANS -- 6. INTAKE WITH FOOD -- 7. INTAKE WITH TOBACCO SMOKE -- 8. OTHER ACRYLAMIDE SOURCE -- 9. TOXICOLOGY -- 10. CHRONIC TOXICICITY IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS.

10.1. Carcinogenicity -- 10.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11. CHRONIC TOXICITY IN HUMANS -- 11.1. Carcinogenicity -- 11.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11.3. Relationship between Internal Exposure and Neurotoxic Effects -- 12. ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, KINETICS AND METABOLISM -- 12.1. Absorption and Distribution -- 12.2. Metabolism -- 13. HB ADDUCTS -- 14. DNA ADDUCTS -- 15. GST POLYMORPHISMS -- 16. HUMAN BIOMONITORING -- 17. ANALYTICS -- 18. ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS -- 18.1 Reaction Product from Acrylamide Observed in Humans -- 18.2. Acrylamide Formation during Cooking: Identification and Quantification -- 18.3. Chemical Mechanisms for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.4. Acrolein Formation from lipids -- 18.5. Acrolein Formation from Amino Acids, Proteins and Carbohydrates -- 18.6. Formation of Acrylamide through Amino Acid Reactions not Involving Acrolein -- 18.7. The Maillard Reaction as the Route for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.8. Review of Factors Influencing the Maillard Reaction -- 19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 20. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 21. MODIFIED ACRYLAMIDE BASED ON HYDROGELS -- REFERENCES -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS: HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS ACRYLAMIDE? -- Main Chemical and Physical Properties of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Reactions with other Molecules -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN HEAT PROCESSED FOODS -- Which Are the Major Acrylamide Precursors and Pathways? -- Which are the Foods which Commonly Contain Acrylamide? -- Exposure Estimation of Acrylamide -- ACRYLAMIDE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- Dietary Acrylamide and Cancer -- Mechanism of Acrylamide Carcinogenicity -- Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide -- Metabolism of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Biomarkers-New Insights in Exposure and Mode of Action -- ACRYLAMIDE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES - A PREVENTION APPROACH -- Changes in Process Parameters.

Reduction of Precursor's Levels in Raw Materials -- Acrylamide Mitigation by Using Several Technologies Combined -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ONE OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CATALYSIS: THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 3. ORIGIN AND MECHANISM -- 3.1. The Effective Double Layer -- 3.2. Work Function -- 3.3. Types of Electrochemical Promotion Behaviour -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES -- 4.1. Solid Electrolytes -- 4.2. Catalyst-Electrodes -- 4.3. Set-up -- 5. SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 5.1. N2O Reduction -- 5.2. CH4 Combustion -- 5.3. Water Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction -- 6. BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FOR OXALATE METABOLISM IN WOOD-ROTTING BASIDIOMYCETES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OXALATE-PRODUCING ENZYMES IN THE BROWN-ROT FUNGUS FOMITOPSIS PALUSTRIS -- 2.1. Cytochrome C-Dependent Glyoxylate Dehydrogenase (FpGLOXDH) -- 2.2. Oxaloacetate Acetylhydrolase (FpOAH) -- 3. BICYCLE MECHANISMS FOR OXALATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI -- 4. ROLES FOR OXALATE TRANSPORTER IN CARBON METABOLISM OF F. PALUSTRIS -- 5. ROLES OF OXALATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OXALATE-DEGRADING AND NONDEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN SLAUGHTERING, PROCESSING AND PACKAGING OF MUSCLE FOODS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CO EXPOSURE TO HUMANS -- USE OF CO FOR SEDATION AND KILLING OF ANIMALS -- Terrestrial Animals -- Fish -- ANALYSIS OF CO -- Air -- Water -- Human Blood -- Meat and Fish Tissue -- PRETREATMENT -- Filtered Smoke -- Direct Use of Carbon Monoxide -- CO FOR PACKAGING -- REACTIONS OF CO WITH HEME PROTEINS.

METABOLISM AND CO -- Temperature - Cooking -- LEGAL ASPECTS -- USFDA - Filtered Smoke 2000 -- USFDA - 2002 -- USFDA 2004 -- CONSUMER ASPECTS -- Consumption of CO Treated Muscle Foods -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF OXALIC ACID IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES (MONS) -- 2.1. Oxalic Acid as an Additive in Preparation of MONs -- 2.2. Tuning the Properties of MONs by Oxalic Acid -- 3. DEGRADATION OF OXALIC ACID BY NANOCATALYSTS -- 4. OXALIC ACID IN FABRICATION OF SELF ARRANGED NANOTEMPLATES -- 4.1. Importance of Porous Alumina in Nanotechnology -- 4.2. Growth Mechanism of Porous Alumina -- 4.3. Peculiarities of Porous Alumina Prepared with Oxalic Acid -- 5. DISSOLUTION OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- NOVEL SELF-OSCILLATING POLYMER CHAINS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- 2.1. Polymerization -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) -- 2.1.2. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) with BrO3- as the Counter Ion -- 2.1.3. Synthesis of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 2.2. Measurement -- 2.2.1. Measurement of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) -- 2.2.2. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) Solution under Acid-free Condition -- 2.2.3. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) Solution under Oxidant-free Condition -- 2.2.4. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS-co-MAPTAC) Solution under the Biological Condition -- 2.2.5. Measurement of Optical Oscillations of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 3.1. Results and Discussion -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- OXALIC ACID AS A SACRIFICIAL AGENT IN THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF WATER CONTAMINANTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL.

2.1. Experimental Set-Up -- 2.2. Experimental Procedures -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. The Oxalic Acid as Sacrificial Agent -- 3.2. Effect of Catalyst Reuse or Preconditioning -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VALUABLE ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCT FROM SHRIMP WASTE WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM SHRIMP CRUSTACEAN BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Experimental -- 1.2.1. Raw Materials -- 1.2.2. Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 1.2.4. Analytical Method -- 1.3. Results and Discussions -- 1.3.1. HPLC Analysis -- 1.3.2. Conventional Solvent Extraction -- 1.3.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. ENCAPSULATION OF ASTAXANTHIN NANOPARTICLE BY THE RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTIONS (RESS) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1. Materials -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Astaxanthin Particle by RESS Technique -- 2.2.3. Conventional Re-Crystallization Astaxanthin -- 2.2.4. Particle Characterization -- 2.2.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 2.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1. Conventional Crystallization -- 2.3.2. RESS Crystallization -- 2.4. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- 1. LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- METABOLISM -- 2. LPA RECEPTORS -- 3. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LPA -- Nervous System -- Vascular System -- Immune System -- Reproductive System -- Cancer -- 4. AUTOTAXIN (ATX) -- Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases (NPPs) -- NPP Structure -- NPP Mechanism and Specificity -- NPP Substrate Specificity -- Initial Discovery of ATX and Its Role in LPA Production -- Physiological and Pathological Roles of ATX -- Structure of Autotaxin -- Inhibition of Autotaxin -- 5. INTERDICTING THE LPA PATHWAY -- LPA Receptor Antagonists -- Thio-ccPA 18:1.

Reported Inhibitors of Autotaxin.