COAL WASTE IMPOUNDMENTS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- ENGINEERING STANDARDS, BARRIER STABILITY AND MONITORING -- SITE CHARACTERIZATION -- ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY -- 1 Introduction -- COAL PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE UNITED STATES -- ADVANCED COAL CLEANING -- COAL REFUSE IMPOUNDMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES -- DISPOSAL OF FINE REFUSE IN IMPOUNDMENTS -- FINES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS IN OTHER MINING SECTORS -- COAL WASTE IMPOUNDMENT FAILURES -- IMPOUNDMENT HAZARD RANKING SYSTEMS -- STUDY AND REPORT -- 2 Current Regulatory Framework -- FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT -- Requirements for Engineering Plans -- Review and Approval Process -- Inspection Requirements -- Reporting Obligations -- Observations -- SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT -- Buffer Zone Rule -- Requirements for Engineering Plans -- Review and Approval Process -- Inspection and Reporting Requirements -- Observations -- OTHER FEDERAL LAWS AND STATE DELEGATE PROGRAMS RELEVANT TO REFUSE DISPOSAL PRACTICES -- Clean Air Act -- Clean Water Act -- Safe Drinking Water Act -- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- Wildlife Protection Acts -- SUMMARY -- 3 Planning Coal Slurry Refuse Impoundments -- GENERAL IMPOUNDMENT SITING CRITERIA -- Site Geology and Hydrogeology -- Subsidence -- Coal Barriers -- Geotechnical Characterization of Foundation and Construction Materials -- IMPOUNDMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION -- Embankment -- Basin -- SLURRY AND WATER MANAGEMENT -- IMPOUNDMENT SYSTEM MONITORING -- CLOSURE AND RECLAMATION -- SUMMARY -- 4 Mine Mapping and Surveying -- SURFACE MAPS -- UNDERGROUND MINE MAPPING -- National Archive for Mine Maps -- Storage Risks -- Mine Surveying -- Coordinate Systems -- Identification of Geology and Coal Seams -- SUMMARY -- 5 Technologies for Locating Mine Workings -- DRILLING -- REMOTE SENSING.

GEOPHYSICAL METHODS -- Electrical Resistivity and Electromagnetic Methods -- Potential Field Methods -- Near-Surface Seismic Methods -- Ground-Penetrating Radar -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- Radiometric Techniques -- Borehole Geophysical Methods -- Near-Surface Geophysical Research -- HYDRAULIC TESTING -- SUMMARY -- 6 Limiting Potential Failures -- EMBANKMENT FAILURE MODES -- Structural Stability -- Seepage and Piping -- Overtopping -- BASIN FAILURE MODES -- Subsidence -- Mine Openings -- MITIGATIVE MEASURES -- IMPOUNDMENT MANAGEMENT -- RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT -- MONITORING -- EMERGENCY PLANNING AND RISK COMMUNICATION -- 7 Alternatives for Future Coal Waste Disposal -- REDUCING OR ELIMINATING SLURRY GENERATION -- DIRECT UTILIZATION OF SLURRY -- Conventional Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers -- Alternative Combustion and Gasification Technologies -- Fluidized-Bed Coal Combustion -- Gasification -- ALTERNATIVES TO DISPOSAL IN IMPOUNDMENTS -- Surface Methods -- Underground Disposal -- REMINING SLURRY IMPOUNDMENTS -- IMPLEMENTATION -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- ENGINEERING STANDARDS, BARRIER STABILITY, AND MONITORING -- SITE CHARACTERIZATION -- ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- NRC Staff -- Appendix B Information Provided to the Committee -- Speakers at Committee Meetings -- Speakers at Public Participation Fora -- Individuals Who Provided Technical Documents to the Committee -- Appendix C Glossary -- Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Appendix E Geophysical Techniques -- ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS -- IN-SEAM SEISMIC TECHNIQUES -- Data Acquisition -- Channel Waves -- Data Processing -- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE -- BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS -- Density Logs -- Neutron Logs -- Resistivity Logs -- Gamma Logs.

Spontaneous Potential Logs -- Sonic Logs -- Temperature Logs -- Caliper Logs -- Casing Collar Logs -- Dip-Meter Logs -- Cement Bond Logs -- Borehole Acoustic Televiewer Logs -- Borehole Television Camera -- Drill Penetration Logs.