Table of contents -- 1 Introduction 13 -- 2 Theories of L2 phonological acquisition 21 -- 2.1 Ll as an explanation for the structure and acquisition of non-native speech 21 -- 2.2 Universal principles and non-native speech: typological markedness 24 -- 2.3 Universal principles and non-native speech: Universal Grammar 27 -- 2.4 Universal principles and non-native speech: Natural Phonology 29 -- 2.5 L2 phonological acquisition in Optimality Theory 31 -- 2.6 Comparison of the models 36 -- 3 Research methodology in non-native speech and the corpus-linguistic approach 39 -- 3.1 A survey of research an non-native speech in the past 39 years 39 -- 3.1.1 Phonological domains investigated 40 -- 3.1.2 Number of participants 43 -- 3.1.3 Methodology 44 -- 3.1.4 Study design 45 -- 3.1.5 Data collection 46 -- 3.1.6 Data analysis 47 -- 3.1.7 Theoretical framework 49 -- 3.1.8 Target language 49 -- 3.1.9 Summary 50 -- 3.2 Corpus linguistics and types of corpora 52 -- 3.2.1 Types of corpora 53 -- 3.2.2 Phonological corpora 54 -- 3.3 Corpus-based analysis of non-native speech 56 -- 3.3.1 Quantitative and qualitative corpus analyses 56 -- 3.3.2 Learner corpora 59 -- 3.4 Summary 62 -- 4 The LeaP corpus 63 -- 4.1 The LeaP corpus: background 63 -- 4.2 Corpus type and size 63 -- 4.3 Corpus design 64 -- 4.3.2 Speakers 65 -- 4.3.3 Metadata 66 -- 4.3.4 Overview of the data in the LeaP corpus 67 -- 4.4 Annotation of the recordings 68 -- 4.4.1 Annotator characteristics 71 -- 4.4.2 Evaluation of the reliability of the manual annotations 71 -- 4.5 Corpus data format 73 -- 4.6 Corpus analysis 74 -- 4.6.1 The TASX corpus browser 74 -- 4.6.2 NXT Search 74 -- 4.7 Summary 75 -- 5 Non-native Fluency 77 -- 5.1 Definitions of fluency 77 -- 5.2 Temporal correlates of fluency 79 -- 5.3 Temporal correlates of fluency in native speech 83 -- 5.4 Fluency in Ll and L2 84.

5.5 Correlation of fluency measurements with native speaker ratings 85 -- 5.6 Fluency in different learning contexts 86 -- 5.7 Fluency and speaking style 87 -- 5.8 Methodology in non-native fluency research: an overview 88 -- 5.9 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 93 -- 5.10 Results 94 -- 5.10.1 Non-native fluency in English and German 94 -- 5.10.2 Correlation between the temporal measurements of fluency 96 -- 5.10.3 Fluency and speaking style 97 -- 5.10.4 Comparison with native speakers 98 -- 5.10.5 Fluency of individual speakers 102 -- 5.10.6 Improvement of fluency 103 -- 5.10.7 Fluency in L2 and L3 105 -- 5.10.8 Non-linguistic correlates of fluency 106 -- 5.11 Summary and discussion 109 -- 6 Syllabification and cluster reduction 113 -- 6.1 Syllabification and resyllabification in English and German 113 -- 6.2 Consonant cluster reduction in English and German 118 -- 6.3 Syllabification in non-native English and German 119 -- 6.4 Consonant cluster reduction in non-native English and German 123 -- 6.5 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 129 -- 6.6 Results 131 -- 6.6.1 Syllabification in English 131 -- 6.6.2 Syllabification in non-native German 133 -- 6.6.3 Coda consonant cluster realization in non-native speech 134 -- 6.6.4 Cluster length 135 -- 6.6.5 Functional status of words 136 -- 6.6.6 Position of cluster 137 -- 6.6.7 Cluster type 137 -- 6.6.8 Substitution patterns 140 -- 6.6.9 Speaking style 141 -- 6.6.10 Coda consonant cluster realization in native and non-native English 144 -- 6.6.11 Coda /-t,d/ deletion in non-native English 146 -- 6.6.12 Coda /-t/ deletion in non-native German 149 -- 6.6.13 Coda cluster realization in native and non-native German 149 -- 6.6.14 Ll influence an coda cluster realization 151 -- 6.6.15 Cluster reduction in L2 and L3 152 -- 6.6.16 Improvement of coda cluster realization 153.

6.7 Summary and discussion 154 -- 7 Speech rhythm and vowel reduction 159 -- 7.1 Concept and measurements of speech rhythm 159 -- 7.2 Cross-linguistic differences in speech rhythm 164 -- 7.3 Speech rhythm in English and German 167 -- 7.4 Speech rhythm and its variation with speech rate and speaking style 170 -- 7.5 Non-native speech rhythm in English and German 171 -- 7.6 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 175 -- 7.7 Results 176 -- 7.7.1 Speech rhythm in non-native speech: general properties 176 -- 7.7.2 Non-native compared to native speech rhythm 178 -- 7.7.3 Differences between speaking styles 180 -- 7.7.4 Native language influence: English speech rhythm 181 -- 7.7.5 Native language influence: German speech rhythm 183 -- 7.7.6 Vowel quality and vowel length 187 -- 7.7.7 Improvement in speech rhythm 189 -- 7.7.8 Speech rhythm in L2 and L3 190 -- 7.7.9 Speech rate and speech rhythm 192 -- 7.8 Summary and discussion 192 -- 8 Intonation 195 -- 8.1 Models of intonational structure 195 -- 8.2 Tone inventory and meaning of tones in English and German 201 -- 8.3 Intonational phrasing in English and German 207 -- 8.4 Nucleus placement in German and English: marking of given and new information 210 -- 8.5 Pitch range in English and German 213 -- 8.6 Non-native intonation: tone inventory and meaning 216 -- 8.7 Intonational phrasing in non-native English 220 -- 8.8 Accent placement and the given/new contrast in non- native English 221 -- 8.9 Pitch range and paratone in non-native speech 223 -- 8.10 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 225 -- 8.11 Results 228 -- 8.11.1 Intonational Phrasing 228 -- 8.11.2 Native and non-native phrasing 229 -- 8.1.3 Tone inventory in non-native English and non- native German 230 -- 8.11.4 Tone inventory and speaking style 232 -- 8.11.5 Non-native and native tone inventories 235 -- 8.11.6 Pitch range 237.

8.11.7 Native and non-native pitch range 239 -- 8.11.8 Pitch accent placement in English 242 -- 8.11.9 Native and non-native pitch accent placement in English 243 -- 8.11.10 L 1 influence an intonation 244 -- 8.11.11 Acquisition of intonation 246 -- 8.12 Summary and discussion 247 -- 9 Factors influencing foreign accent 253 -- 9.1 Foreign accent 253 -- 9.2 Factors influencing foreign accent 256 -- 9.2.1 Age 256 -- 9.2.2 Length of residence 258 -- 9.2.3 Motivation 259 -- 9.2.4 Gender 260 -- 9.2.5 Length and type of instruction 261 -- 9.2.6 Continued Ll use 261 -- 9.2.7 Aptitude 262 -- 9.3 Intercorrelation and relative weight of factors 263 -- 9.4 Ultimate attainment 265 -- 9.5 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 266 -- 9.6 Results 271 -- 9.6.1 Factors influencing foreign accent 271 -- 9.6.2 Accent rating and prosodic features 273 -- 9.6.3 Ultimate attainment: near-native speakers 273 -- 9.6.4 Effect of prosodic training 277 -- 9.7 Summary and discussion 278 -- 10 Non-native speech 283 -- 10.1 The relationship between different phonological features of non-native speech 283 -- 10.2 The relationship between phonological and other linguistic features in non-native speech 285 -- 10.3 Aims and method of the corpus analysis 287 -- 10.4 Results 289 -- 10.4.1 Intercorrelation of phonological features in non-native speech 289 -- 10.4.2 Intercorrelation of phonological and non-phonological features of non-native speech 292 -- 10.5 Summary and discussion 295 -- 11 Discussion and Outlook 299 -- 12 List of References 309 -- 13 Index 341 -- Appendices 343.