PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF TRIBOLOGY -- Contents -- About the Author -- Foreword -- Series Preface -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition and History of Tribology -- 1.2 Industrial Significance of Tribology -- 1.3 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Structure and Properties of Solids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Atomic Structure, Bonding and Coordination -- 2.2.1 Individual Atoms and Ions -- 2.2.2 Molecules, Bonding and Atomic Coordination -- 2.3 Crystalline Structures -- 2.3.1 Planar Structures -- 2.3.2 Nonplanar Structures -- 2.4 Disorder in Solid Structures -- 2.4.1 Point Defects -- 2.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations) -- 2.4.3 Surfaces/Internal Boundaries -- 2.4.4 Solid Solutions -- 2.5 Atomic Vibrations and Diffusions -- 2.6 Phase Diagrams -- 2.7 Microstructures -- 2.8 Elastic and Plastic Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue -- 2.8.1 Elastic Deformation -- 2.8.2 Plastic Deformation -- 2.8.3 Plastic Deformation Mechanisms -- 2.8.4 Fracture -- 2.8.5 Fatigue -- 2.9 Time-Dependent Viscoelastic/Viscoplastic Deformation -- 2.9.1 Description of Time-Dependent Deformation Experiments -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Solid Surface Characterization -- 3.1 The Nature of Surfaces -- 3.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers -- 3.2.1 Deformed Layer -- 3.2.2 Chemically Reacted Layer -- 3.2.3 Physisorbed Layer -- 3.2.4 Chemisorbed Layer -- 3.2.5 Surface Tension, Surface Energy, and Wetting -- 3.2.6 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers -- 3.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness -- 3.3.1 Average Roughness Parameters -- 3.3.2 Statistical Analyses -- 3.3.3 Fractal Characterization -- 3.3.4 Practical Considerations in the Measurement of Roughness Parameters -- 3.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness.

3.4.1 Mechanical Stylus Method -- 3.4.2 Optical Methods -- 3.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods -- 3.4.4 Fluid Methods -- 3.4.5 Electrical Method -- 3.4.6 Electron Microscopy Methods -- 3.4.7 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution -- 3.4.8 Comparison of Measurement Methods -- 3.5 Closure -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 4 Contact between Solid Surfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analysis of the Contacts -- 4.2.1 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids -- 4.2.2 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional Contacts -- 4.2.3 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts -- 4.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact -- 4.3.1 Review of Measurement Techniques -- 4.3.2 Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques -- 4.3.3 Typical Measurements -- 4.4 Closure -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 Adhesion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Solid-Solid Contact -- 5.2.1 Covalent Bond -- 5.2.2 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond -- 5.2.3 Metallic Bond -- 5.2.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 5.2.5 Van der Waals Bond -- 5.2.6 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion -- 5.2.7 Polymer Adhesion -- 5.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact -- 5.3.1 Idealized Geometries -- 5.3.2 Multiple-Asperity Contacts -- 5.4 Closure -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 Friction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solid-Solid Contact -- 6.2.1 Rules of Sliding Friction -- 6.2.2 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction -- 6.2.3 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction -- 6.2.4 Friction Transitions During Sliding -- 6.2.5 Static Friction -- 6.2.6 Stick-Slip -- 6.2.7 Rolling Friction -- 6.3 Liquid-Mediated Contact -- 6.4 Friction of Materials -- 6.4.1 Friction of Metals and Alloys -- 6.4.2 Friction of Ceramics -- 6.4.3 Friction of Polymers -- 6.4.4 Friction of Solid Lubricants -- 6.5 Closure -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading.

7 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Thermal Analysis -- 7.2.1 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions -- 7.2.2 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar /Aa ~ 1) (Individual Contact) -- 7.2.3 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar /Aa 1) (Multiple-Asperity Contact) -- 7.3 Interface Temperature Measurements -- 7.3.1 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors -- 7.3.2 Radiation Detection Techniques -- 7.3.3 Metallographic Techniques -- 7.3.4 Liquid Crystals -- 7.4 Closure -- Problems -- References -- 8 Wear -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Wear Mechanisms -- 8.2.1 Adhesive Wear -- 8.2.2 Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture) -- 8.2.3 Fatigue Wear -- 8.2.4 Impact Wear -- 8.2.5 Chemical (Corrosive) Wear -- 8.2.6 Electrical Arc-Induced Wear -- 8.2.7 Fretting and Fretting Corrosion -- 8.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris -- 8.3.1 Plate-Shaped Particles -- 8.3.2 Ribbon-Shaped Particles -- 8.3.3 Spherical Particles -- 8.3.4 Irregularly Shaped Particles -- 8.4 Wear of Materials -- 8.4.1 Wear of Metals and Alloys -- 8.4.2 Wear of Ceramics -- 8.4.3 Wear of Polymers -- 8.5 Closure -- Appendix 8.A Indentation Cracking in Brittle Materials -- 8.A.1 Blunt Indenter -- 8.A.2 Sharp Indenter -- Appendix 8.B Analysis of Failure Data Using the Weibull Distribution -- 8.B.1 General Expression of the Weibull Distribution -- 8.B.2 Graphical Representation of a Weibull Distribution -- Appendix 8.C Methods for Establishing the PV Limit -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 9 Fluid Film Lubrication -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication -- 9.2.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication -- 9.2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication -- 9.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication -- 9.2.4 Mixed Lubrication -- 9.2.5 Boundary Lubrication -- 9.3 Viscous Flow and the Reynolds Equation -- 9.3.1 Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids.

9.3.2 Fluid Flow -- 9.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication -- 9.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication -- 9.5.1 Thrust Bearings -- 9.5.2 Journal Bearings -- 9.5.3 Squeeze Film Bearings -- 9.5.4 Gas-Lubricated Bearings -- 9.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication -- 9.6.1 Forms of Contacts -- 9.6.2 Line Contact -- 9.6.3 Point Contact -- 9.6.4 Thermal Correction -- 9.6.5 Lubricant Rheology -- 9.7 Closure -- Problems -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Boundary Lubrication -- 10.2.1 Effect of Adsorbed Gases -- 10.2.2 Effect of Monolayers and Multilayers -- 10.2.3 Effect of Chemical Films -- 10.2.4 Effect of Chain Length (or Molecular Weight) -- 10.3 Liquid Lubricants -- 10.3.1 Principal Classes of Lubricants -- 10.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants -- 10.3.3 Additives -- 10.4 Ionic Liquids -- 10.4.1 Composition of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4.3 Lubrication Mechanisms of ILs -- 10.4.4 Issues on the Applicability of Ionic Liquids as Lubricants -- 10.5 Greases -- 10.6 Closure -- References -- Further Reading -- 11 Nanotribology -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 SFA Studies -- 11.2.1 Description of an SFA -- 11.2.2 Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic, and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin Liquid Films -- 11.3 AFM/FFM Studies -- 11.3.1 Description of AFM/FFM and Various Measurement Techniques -- 11.3.2 Surface Imaging, Friction, and Adhesion -- 11.3.3 Wear, Scratching, Local Deformation, and Fabrication/Machining -- 11.3.4 Indentation -- 11.3.5 Boundary Lubrication -- 11.4 Atomic-Scale Computer Simulations -- 11.4.1 Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion -- 11.4.2 Interfacial Solid Junctions -- 11.4.3 Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films -- 11.5 Closure -- References -- Further Reading -- 12 Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods -- 12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Design Methodology -- 12.2.1 Simulation -- 12.2.2 Acceleration -- 12.2.3 Specimen Preparation -- 12.2.4 Friction and Wear Measurements -- 12.3 Typical Test Geometries -- 12.3.1 Sliding Friction and Wear Tests -- 12.3.2 Abrasion Tests -- 12.3.3 Rolling-Contact Fatigue Tests -- 12.3.4 Solid-Particle Erosion Test -- 12.3.5 Corrosion Tests -- 12.4 Closure -- References -- Further Reading -- 13 Bulk Materials, Coatings, and Surface Treatments for Tribology -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Bulk Materials -- 13.2.1 Metals and Alloys -- 13.2.2 Ceramics and Cermets -- 13.2.3 Ceramic-Metal Composites -- 13.2.4 Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Solids -- 13.3 Coatings and Surface Treatments -- 13.3.1 Coating Deposition Techniques -- 13.3.2 Surface Treatment Techniques -- 13.3.3 Criteria for Selecting Coating Material/Deposition and Surface Treatment Techniques -- 13.4 Closure -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Tribological Components and Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Common Tribological Components -- 14.2.1 Sliding-Contact Bearings -- 14.2.2 Rolling-Contact Bearings -- 14.2.3 Seals -- 14.2.4 Gears -- 14.2.5 Cams and Tappets -- 14.2.6 Piston Rings -- 14.2.7 Electrical Brushes -- 14.3 MEMS/NEMS -- 14.3.1 MEMS -- 14.3.2 NEMS -- 14.3.3 BioMEMS -- 14.3.4 Microfabrication Processes -- 14.4 Material Processing -- 14.4.1 Cutting Tools -- 14.4.2 Grinding and Lapping -- 14.4.3 Forming Processes -- 14.4.4 Cutting Fluids -- 14.5 Industrial Applications -- 14.5.1 Automotive Engines -- 14.5.2 Gas Turbine Engines -- 14.5.3 Railroads -- 14.5.4 Magnetic Storage Devices -- 14.6 Closure -- References -- Further Reading -- 15 Green Tribology and Biomimetics -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Green Tribology -- 15.2.1 Twelve Principles of Green Tribology -- 15.2.2 Areas of Green Tribology -- 15.3 Biomimetics -- 15.3.1 Lessons from Nature.

15.3.2 Industrial Significance.