Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1 The scope of linguistic anthropology -- 1.1 Definitions -- 1.2 The study of linguistic practices -- 1.3 Linguistic anthropology and other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences -- 1.3.1 Linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics -- 1.4 Theoretical concerns in contemporary linguistic anthropology -- 1.4.1 Performance -- 1.4.2 Indexicality -- 1.4.3 Participation -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2 Theories of culture -- 2.1 Culture as distinct from nature -- 2.2 Culture as knowledge -- 2.2.1 Culture as socially distributed knowledge -- 2.3 Culture as communication -- 2.3.1 Lévi-Strauss and the semiotic approach -- 2.3.2 Clifford Geertz and the interpretive approach -- 2.3.3 The indexicality approach and metapragmatics -- 2.3.4 Metaphors as folk theories of the world -- 2.4 Culture as a system of mediation -- 2.5 Culture as a system of practices -- 2.6 Culture as a system of participation -- 2.7 Predicting and interpreting -- 2.8 Conclusions -- 3 Linguistic diversity -- 3.1 Language in culture: the Boasian tradition -- 3.1.1 Franz Boas and the use of native languages -- 3.1.2 Sapir and the search for languages' internal logic -- 3.1.3 Benjamin Lee Whorf, worldviews, and cryptotypes -- 3.2 Linguistic relativity -- 3.2.1 Language as objectification of the world: from von Humboldt to Cassirer -- 3.2.2 Language as a guide to the world: metaphors -- 3.2.3 Color terms and linguistic relativity -- 3.2.4 Language and science -- 3.3 Language, languages, and linguistic varieties -- 3.4 Linguistic repertoire -- 3.5 Speech communities, heteroglossia, and language ideologies -- 3.5.1 Speech community: from idealization to heteroglossia -- 3.5.2 Multilingual speech communities -- 3.5.3 Definitions of speech community -- 3.6 Conclusions.

4 Ethnographic methods -- 4.1 Ethnography -- 4.1.1 What is an ethnography? -- 4.1.1.1 Studying people in communities -- 4.1.2 Ethnographers as cultural mediators -- 4.1.3 How comprehensive should an ethnography be? Complementarity and collaboration in ethnographic research -- 4.2 Two kinds of field linguistics -- 4.3 Participant-observation -- 4.4 Interviews -- 4.4.1 The cultural ecology of interviews -- 4.4.2 Different kinds of interviews -- 4.5 Identifying and using the local language(s) -- 4.6 Writing interaction -- 4.6.1 Taking notes while recording -- 4.7 Electronic recording -- 4.7.1 Does the presence of the camera affect the interaction? -- 4.8 Goals and ethics of fieldwork -- 4.9 Conclusions -- 5 Transcription: from writing to digitized images -- 5.1 Writing -- 5.2 The word as a unit of analysis -- 5.2.1 The word as a unit of analysis in anthropological research -- 5.2.2 The word in historical linguistics -- 5.3 Beyond words -- 5.4 Standards of acceptability -- 5.5 Transcription formats and conventions -- 5.6 Visual representations other than writing -- 5.6.1 Representations of gestures -- 5.6.2 Representations of spatial organization and participants' visual access -- 5.6.3 Integrating text, drawings, and images -- 5.7 Translation -- Format I: Translation only. -- Format II. Original and subsequent (or parallel) free translation. -- Format III. Parallel free translation and morpheme-by-morpheme gloss under the original. -- Format IV. Original, interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme gloss, and free translation. -- 5.8 Non-native speakers as researchers -- 5.9 Summary -- 6 Meaning in linguistic forms -- 6.1 The formal method in linguistic analysis -- 6.2 Meaning as relations among signs -- 6.3 Some basic properties of linguistic sounds -- 6.3.1 The phoneme -- 6.3.2 Emic and etic in anthropology.

6.4 Relationships of contiguity: from phonemes to morphemes -- 6.5 From morphology to the framing of events -- 6.5.1 Deep cases and hierarchies of features -- 6.5.2 Framing events through verbal morphology -- 6.5.3 The topicality hierarchy -- 6.5.4 Sentence types and the preferred argument structure -- 6.5.5 Transitivity in grammar and discourse -- 6.6 The acquisition of grammar in language socialization studies -- 6.7 Metalinguistic awareness: from denotational meaning to pragmatics -- 6.7.1 The pragmatic meaning of pronouns -- 6.8 From symbols to indexes -- 6.8.1 Iconicity in languages -- 6.8.2 Indexes, shifters, and deictic terms -- 6.8.2.1 Indexical meaning and the linguistic construction of gender -- 6.8.2.2 Contextualization cues -- 6.9 Conclusions -- 7 Speaking as social action -- 7.1 Malinowski: language as action -- 7.2 Philosophical approaches to language as action -- 7.2.1 From Austin to Searle: speech acts as units of action -- 7.2.1.1 Indirect speech acts -- 7.3 Speech act theory and linguistic anthropology -- 7.3.1 Truth -- 7.3.2 Intentions -- 7.3.3 Local theory of person -- 7.4 Language games as units of analysis -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 8 Conversational exchanges -- 8.1 The sequential nature of conversational units -- 8.1.1 Adjacency pairs -- 8.2 The notion of preference -- 8.2.1 Repairs and corrections -- 8.2.2 The avoidance of psychological explanation -- 8.3 Conversation analysis and the "context" issue -- 8.3.1 The autonomous claim -- 8.3.2 The issue of relevance -- 8.4 The meaning of talk -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 9 Units of participation -- 9.1 The notion of activity in Vygotskian psychology -- 9.2 Speech events: from functions of speech to social units -- 9.2.1 Ethnographic studies of speech events -- 9.3 Participation -- 9.3.1 Participant structure -- 9.3.2 Participation frameworks -- 9.3.3 Participant frameworks.

9.4 Authorship, intentionality, and the joint construction of interpretation -- 9.5 Participation in time and space: human bodies in the built environment -- 9.6 Conclusions -- 10 Conclusions -- 10.1 Language as the human condition -- 10.2 To have a language -- 10.3 Public and private language -- 10.4 Language in culture -- 10.5 Language in society -- 10.6 What kind of language? -- Appendix: Practical tips on recording interaction -- 1. Preparation for recording -- Getting ready -- Microphone tips -- Recording tips for audio equipment -- Tapes (for audio and video recording) -- 2. Where and when to record -- 3. Where to place the camera -- REFERENCES -- NAME INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.