Cover -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1: Preliminaries and Promises -- Defining Communication Behavior -- Residual Artifacts of Communication Behavior -- Outcomes of Communication Behavior -- Some Controversial Assertions -- Overview of the Book -- Moving On -- Notes -- Chapter 2: Unitizing Communication Behavior -- A Small Taxonomy of Behavior -- No Units to be Found -- Definitions -- Types of Units -- Acts as Units -- Grammatical or Syntactic Units -- Thought Units -- Themes -- Time -- Codes as Unitizers -- Turns Versus Thoughts-A Comment -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Coding Communication Behavior -- Selecting or Creating a Coding System -- The Role of Theory -- Select or Create? -- Only If You Have To -- Other Considerations -- Some Practical Concerns -- Video Recording -- Transcribe and Check -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 4: Observing and Recording Communication Behavior -- Conceptualizing the Target Behavior(s) -- Variable of Interest -- Sample or Sign? -- How Many Behaviors? -- Pulling It Together -- Dimensions and Measures of Communication Behavior -- Frequency -- Latency -- Intensity -- Pattern -- Duration -- Derived Ratios as Descriptive Indices -- Time-Sampling -- Continuous Observation -- Intrasession Interval Sampling -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 5: Common Issues in Behavioral Observation -- Observational Setting -- The Coding Manual -- Selection of Observers -- A Word at the Start -- Observer Training -- Orientation Session -- Stage 1. The Coding Manual -- Stage 2. Coding Simple Examples -- Stage 3. Code Realistic Examples -- Stage 4. Practice in the Setting -- Observer Monitoring -- Sources of Bias in Observational Research -- Observer Drift -- Expectancy Effects -- Reactivity -- Observer Cheating -- Reconciling Observer Discrepancies -- Arbitrary Selection of Codes -- Decision by Consensus.

Employing Additional Observers -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 6: Reliability of Unitizing and Categorizing -- An Overview of Classical Test Theory -- True Scores and Error Scores -- Parallel Tests -- Split-Half Reliability -- Reliability as Internal Consistency -- Reliability of Observational Data -- Conceptual Definition of Observational Reliability -- Operational Definition of Observational Reliability -- Unitizing Reliability -- Components of Unitizing Reliability -- Coefficients of Unitizing Reliability -- Categorizing Reliability -- How Reliable Is Reliable Enough? -- Scott's π -- Cohen's κ -- Extensions of κ -- Category-by-Category Reliability -- An Alternative Approach -- A Troublesome Practice -- Notes -- Chapter 7: Reliability for Quantitative Observational Data -- Preliminary Decisions -- Are the Observers a Random or a Fixed Facet? -- Are the Data Matched or Unmatched? -- Will the Final Data be a Single or a Composite Score? -- Reliability as Consistency or Agreement? -- Intraclass Correlation Coefficients -- Reliability as Consistency -- Reliability as Agreement -- Generalizability Theory -- Universe of Admissible Observations -- G Versus D Studies -- Crossed Versus Nested Facets -- G Study Variance Components for a p × r Design -- D Studies for a p × R Design -- Error Variances -- An Illustrative Example -- Single Facet Nested Designs, r : p -- Multifaceted G and D Studies -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 8: Validity -- History of the Study of Validation -- Before the Beginning -- All Validity Is Created Equal -- Validity of Inferences, Not Tests -- The Unitary Model of Validity -- Theory Versus Practice -- Taking Stock -- Validity as Argument -- Form of the Validity Argument -- The Interpretative Argument -- Toulmin's Model of Inference -- Validity Argument for Relational Control Coding System -- A Better Approach -- What's Missing?.

Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 9: Classic Analytic Procedures -- Markov Chain Analysis -- An Example of a Markov Chain -- Markov Chain Assumptions -- The Order Assumption -- The Stationarity Assumption -- The Homogeneity Assumption -- A Final Word on Markov Chain Analysis -- Lag Sequential Analysis -- Conducting the Analysis -- Next Steps -- Notes -- Appendix 9.1: Test for First- versus Second-Order Markov Process -- Appendix 9.2: Test of the Stationarity Assumption -- Appendix 9.3: Test of Homogeneity Assumption -- Chapter 10: Log-Linear Models of Nominal Observational Data -- Hypotheses and Sampling -- Analyzing Two-Dimensional Tables -- Some Important Notation -- The Log-Linear Model -- The Likelihood Ratio Test Statistic -- The Hierarchy Principle -- Residual Analysis -- Analyzing Multidimensional Tables -- Complete Independence -- Two Variables Independent of a Third -- Conditional Independence -- Homogeneous Association -- Saturated Model -- An Example -- Log-Linear Models and Markov Chains -- The Order Assumption -- The Homogeneity Assumption -- The Stationarity Assumption -- Final Thoughts About Markov Chains -- Log-Linear Models and Lag Sequential Analyses -- So . . . What's Different? -- Wrapping Up -- Notes -- Chapter 11: Linear Models of Categorical Data -- The GSK Procedure -- Defining the Response Functions -- Defining the Design Matrix -- Estimating and Testing the GSK Model -- Estimation -- Testing -- Research Examples -- Example 1: Ellis (1979) -- Example 2: Courtright et al. (1990) -- Example 3: Fairhurst et al. (1995) -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 12: Analyzing Counts -- The Nature of Counts -- Distributions of Counted Data -- Binomial Distribution -- Negative Binomial Distribution -- Multinomial Distribution -- Poisson Distribution -- Logistic Regression-Dichotomous Response Categories -- Odds and Odds Ratios -- The Logit.

Logistic Versus OLS Regression -- Logistic Regression-Multinomial Response Categories -- Ordinal Responses -- Nominal Responses -- Poisson Regression -- Modeling the Offset -- The Dispersion Parameter -- Groupthink Example -- Some Remedies for Overdispersion -- Nonverbal Example-Underdispersion -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 13: Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models -- A Brief Overview of Hierarchical Linear Modeling -- Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models (HGLMs) -- Remember the Link Function -- Centering -- Example Analyses -- Binomial HGLM -- Poisson HGLM -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 14: Reversing the Sides of the = Sign -- Deconstructing the Transition Matrix -- The Disaggregation Approach -- Continuous Indices Approach -- A Brief Note About Transformations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.