Silica nanoparticles have been studied extensively in cellular applications due to their physicochemical properties. The surface of silica nanoparticles represent the key parameter in biological studies. Owing to their versatile surface chemistry, have ability to increase bioavailability and selectivity. Therefore, it is significant to understand how biomolecules interact with the surface of silica nanoparticles. The study reviews how synthesized both negative and positive potential silica nanoparticles and can transfer their properties to the cells. In the second part, our synthesized silica nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically using some instrumental devices. To answer the role of silica nanoparticles in the cells, some outcomes such as viability test, image analysis, colocalization analysis and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated. A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells) and BEAS-2B (human bronchial epithelial cells) cell lines were selected in our studies. Our results showed the cytotoxicity was dose and time dependent in direct proportion. Mitochondrial accumulation were observed in cells treated with the silica nanoparticles according to Pearson’s Coefficient Correlation and Image J analysis. The study concluded that the silica nanoparticles can be used in the field of targeted delivery and bioimaging in cellular studies.