Exploring Natural Language Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of English -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- SERIES EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- PART 1 : Introducing the corpus -- 1. INTRODUCING ICE-GB -- 1.1 Aims and background -- 1.2 Corpus design -- 1.3 Extra-corpus material -- 1.4 Copyright -- 1.5 Transcription and markup -- 1.6 Part-of-speech tagging -- 1.7 Syntactic parsing -- 1. 8 Cross-sectional checking -- 1.9 Digitization -- 1.10 Examining ICE-GB texts -- 2. THE ICE-GB GRAMMAR -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 ICE Word Classes -- 2.2.1 Adjective (ADJ) -- 2.2. 2 Adverb (ADV) -- 2.2.3 Article (ART) -- 2.2.4 Auxiliary verb (AUX -- 2.2.5 Cleft it (CLEFTIT -- 2.2.6 Conjunction (CONJUNC) -- 2.2.7 Connective (CONNEC -- 2.2.8 Existential there (EXTHERE -- 2.2.9 Formulaic expression (FRM) -- 2.2.10 Genitive marker (GENM) -- 2.2.11 Interjection (INTERJEC) -- 2.2.12 Noun(N) -- 2.2.13 Nominal Adjective (NADJ) -- 2.2.14 Numeral (NUM) -- 2.2.15 Preposition (PREP) -- 2.2.16Proform (PROFM) -- 2.2.17 Pronoun (PRON) -- 2.2.18 Particle (PRTCL ) -- 2.2.19 Reaction signal (REACT) -- 2.2.20 Verb(V) -- 2.2.21 Miscellaneous tags -- 2.3 Functions and categories -- 2.3.1 Adverbial (A) [Function] -- 2.3.2 Adjective Phrase (AJP) [Category] -- 2.3.3 Adjective Phrase Head (AJHD) [Function] -- 2.3.4 Adjective Phrase Postmodifier (AJPO) [Function] -- 2.3.5 Adjective Phrase Premodifier (AJPR) [Function] -- 2.3.6 Adverb Phrase Head (AVHD) [Function] -- 2.3.7 Adverb Phrase (AVP) [Category -- 2.3.8 Adverb Phrase Postmodifier (AVPO) [Function] -- 2.3.9 Adverb Phrase Premodifier (AVPR) [Function] -- 2.3.10 Auxiliary Verb (AVB) [Function] -- 2.3.11 Central Determiner (DTCE) [Function] -- 2.3.12 Clause (CL) [Category] -- 2.3.13 Cleft Operator (CLOP) [Function] -- 2.3.14 Conjoin (CJ) [Function].

2.3.15 Coordinator (COOR) [Function] -- 2.3.16 Detached Function (DEFUNC) [Function] -- 2.3.17 Determiner (DT) [Function] -- 2.3.18 Determiner Phrase (DTP) [Category] -- 2.3.19 Determiner Postmodifier (DTPO) [Function] -- 2.3.20 DeterminerPremodifier (DTPR) [Function] -- 2.3.21 Direct Object (OD) [Function] -- 2.3.22 Discourse Marker (DISMK) [Function] -- 2.3.23 Disparate (DISP) [Category] -- 2.3.24 Element (ELE) [Function] -- 2.3.25 Empty (EMPTY) [Category] -- 2.3.26 Existential Operator (EXOP) [Function] -- 2.3.27 Floating Noun Phrase Postmodifier (FNPPO) [Function] -- 2.3.28 Focus (FOC) [Function] -- 2.3.29 Focus Complement (CF) [Function] -- 2.3.30 Genitive function (GENF) [Function] -- 2.3 31 Imperative Operator (IMPOP) [Function] -- 2.3.32 Indeterminate (INDET) [Function] -- 2.3.33 Indirect object (01) [Function] -- 2.3.34 Interrogative Operator (INTOP) [Function] -- 2.3.35 Inverted Operator (INVOP) [Function] -- 2.3.36 Main Verb (MVB) [Function] -- 2.3.37 Nonclause (NONCL) [Category] -- 2.3.38 Notional Direct Object (NOOD) [Function] -- 2.3.39 Notional Subject (NOSU) [Function -- 2.3.40 Noun Phrase (NP) [Category] -- 2.3.41 Noun Phrase Head (NPHD) [Function -- 2. 3.42 Noun Phrase Postmodifier (NPPO) [Function] -- 2. 3 43 Noun Phrase Premodifier (NPPR) [Function] -- 2. 3.44 Object Complement (CO) [Function] -- 2. 3.45 Operator (OP) [Function] -- 2. 3.46 Parataxis (PARA) [Function -- 2.3.47 Parsing Unit (PU) [Function] -- 2.3.48 Postdeterminer (DTPS) [Function] -- 2.3.49 Predeterminer (DTPE) [Function] -- 2.3.50 Predicate Element (PREDEL) [Category] -- 2.3.51 Predicate Group (PREDGP) [Function] -- 2.3.52 Prepositional (P) [Function] -- 2.3.53 Prepositional Complement (PC) [Function] -- 2.3.54 Prepositional Phrase (PP) [Category] -- 2.3.55 Provisional Direct Object (PROD) [Function] -- 2.3.56 Provisional Subject (PRSU) [Function].

2.3.57 Stranded Preposition (PS) [Function -- 2.3.58 Subject (SU) [Function] -- 2.3.59 Subject Complement (CS) [Function] -- 2.3.60 Subordinator Phrase Head (SBHD) [Function] -- 2.3.61 Subordinator Phrase Modifier (SBMO) [Function] -- 2.3.62 Subordinator (SUB) [Function] -- 2.3.63 Subordinator Phrase (SUBP) [Category] -- 2.3.64 Tag Question (TAGQ) [Function] -- 2. 3.65 Particle To (TO) [Function] -- 2.3.66 Transitive Complement (CT) [Function] -- 2.3.67 Verbal (VB) [Function] -- 2.3.68 Verb Phrase (VP) [Category] -- 2.4 Feature Labels -- 2.5 Special Topics in the ICE-GB Grammar -- 2.5.1 Inversion -- 2.5.2 Interrogative -- 2.5.3 Imperative -- 2.5.4 Coordination -- 2.5.5 Direct Speech -- PART 2: Exploring the corpus -- 3. INTRODUCING THE ICE CORPUS UTILITY PROGRAM (ICECUP) -- 3.1 First impressions -- 3.2 The corpus map -- 3.3 Browsing the results of queries -- 3.4 Viewing trees in the corpus -- 3.5 Variable queries -- 3.6 'Single grammatical nodey' queries -- 3.7 Markup queries -- 3.8 Random sampling -- 3.9 Text fragment queries -- 3.10 Fuzzy Tree Fragment searches -- 3.11 Open file -- 3.12 Save to disk -- 3.13 Search options -- 4. BROWSING THE CORPUS -- 4.1 The idea of corpus exploration -- 4.2 Navigating the corpus map -- 4.3 Browsing single texts -- 4.4 The text browser window -- 4.5 Viewing word class tags -- 4.6 Concordancing a query -- 4.7 Displaying trees in the text -- 4.8 Grammatical concordancing in ICECUP 3.1 -- 4.9 Displaying trees in a separate window -- 4.10 Concordancing, matching and viewing trees -- 4.11 Listening to speakers in the corpus -- 4.12 Selecting text units in ICECUP 3.1 -- 5. FUZZY TREE FRAGMENTS AND TEXT QUERIES -- 5.1 The Text Fragment query window -- 5.2 Searching for words, tags and tree nodes -- 5.3 Missing words and special characters -- 5.4 Extending the query into the tree -- 5.5 Introducing Fuzzy Tree Fragments.

5.6 An overview of commands to construct FTF s -- 5.7 Creating a simple FTF -- 5.8 Adding a feature and relating a word to the tree -- 5.9 Moving nodes and branches -- 5.10 Applying a multiple selection and setting the focus of an FTF -- 5.11 Text-oriented FTF s revisited -- 5.12 The geometry of FTFs -- 5.13 How FTFs match against the corpus -- 5.14 The FTF Creation Wizard: a tool for making FTF s from trees -- 6. COMBINING QUERIES -- 6.1 A simple examp le -- 6.2 Viewing the query expression -- 6.3 Modifying the logic of query combinations -- 6.4 Using drag and drop to manipulate query expressions -- 6.5 Removing parts of the query -- 6.6 Logic and Fuzzy Tree Fragments -- 6.7 Editing query elements -- 6.8 Modifying the focus of an FTF during browsing -- 6.9 Background FTF searches and the query editor -- 6.10 Simplifying the query -- 7. ADVANCED FACILITIES IN ICECUP 3.1 -- 7.1 Introducing ICECUP 3.1 -- 7.2 The Lexicon -- 7.3 The Grammaticon -- 7.4 Statistical tables -- 7.5 Lexical wild cards -- 7.6 Extensions to Fuzzy Tree Fragment nodes -- 7.6.1 Performing exact matching in FTFs -- 7.6.2 Specifying missing features and pseudo-features -- 7.6.3 Specifying sets of functions, categories and features -- 7.6 4 Specifying a logical formula -- PART 3 : Performing research withthe corpus -- 8. CASE STUDIES USING ICE-GB -- 8.1 Case study 1: Pretty much an adverb -- 8.2 Case Study 2: Exploring the lexeme book with the lexicon -- 8.3 Case Study 3: Transitivity and clause type -- 8.4 Case Study 4: What size feet have you got? wh-determiners in noun phrases -- 8.5 Case Study 5: Active and passive clauses -- 8.6 Case Study 6: The positions of if-clauses -- 9. PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WITH A PARSED CORPUS -- 9.1 What is a scientific experiment? -- 9.2 What is an experimental hypothesis? -- 9.3 The basic approach: constructing a contingency table.

9.4 What might significant results mean ? -- 9.5 How can we measure the 'size' of a result? -- 9.5.1 Relative size -- 9.5.2 Relative swing -- 9.5.3 Chi-square contribution -- 9.5.4 Cramer's phi -- 9.6 Common issues in experimental design -- 9.6.1 Have we specified the null hypothesis incorrectly -- 9.6.2 Are all the relevant values listed together? -- 9.6.3 Are we really dealing with the same linguistic choice? -- 9.6.4 Have we counted the same thing twice? -- 9.7 Investigating grammatical interactions -- 9.8 Three studies of interaction in the grammar -- 9.8.1 Two features within a single constituent -- 9.8.2 Two features in a structure -- 9.8.3 A feature and an optional constituent -- 9.8.4 Footnote: dealing with overlapping cases -- PART 4: The future of the corpus -- 10 FUTURE PROSPECTS -- 10.1 Extending the annotation in the corpus -- 10.2 Extending the expressivity of Fuzzy Tree Fragments -- 10.3 Incorporating experiments in software -- 10.4 Knowledge discovery in corpora -- 10.5 Aiding the annotation of corpora -- 10.6 Teaching grammar with corpora -- REFERENCES -- APPEN DIX1. ICE TEXT CATEGORIES AND CODES -- A1.1Spoken Categories -- A1.2 Written Categories -- APPENDIX2. SOURCES OF ICE-GB TEXTS -- A2.1 S1A-001toS1A-090: Direct conversations -- A2.2 S1A-091 to S1A-100: Telephone calls -- A2.3 S1B-001 to S1B-020: Classroom lessons -- A2.4 S1B-021 to S1B-040: Broadcast discussions -- A2.5 S1B-041 to S1B-050: Broadcast interviews -- A2.6 S1B-051 to S1B-060: Parliamentary debates -- A2.7 S1B-061 to S1B-070: Legal cross-examinations -- A2.8 S1B-071 to S1B-080: Business transactions -- A2.9 S2A-001 to S2A-020: Spontaneous commentaries -- A2.10 S2A-021 to S2A-050: Unscripted speeches -- A2.11 S2A-051 to S2A-060: Demonstrations -- A2.12 S2A-061 to S2A-070: Legal presentations -- A2.13 S2B-001toS2B-020: News broadcasts.

A2.14S2B-021 to S2B-040: Broadcast talks (scripted).