WiMAX RF Systems Engineering -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 WiMAX System -- 1.2 WiMAX and Related Standards -- 1.2.1 WiMAX 802.16d (802.16-2004) -- 1.2.2 WiMAX 802.16e (802.16-2005) -- 1.2.3 WiMAX 802.16/d/e and Related Standards Summary -- 1.2.4 Upcoming 802.16m Standard -- 1.3 Range and Spectrum Efficiency Summary -- 1.4 WiMAX Spectrum Worldwide -- 1.5 What Is OFDM? -- 1.6 The Key Features of WiMAX -- 1.6.1 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) -- 1.6.2 Frequency Selective Fading -- 1.6.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) -- 1.6.4 Very High Data Rate -- 1.6.5 Delay Versus Doppler Spreads and Frequency Diversity -- 1.7 WiMAX Transceiver -- 1.8 OFDM Signal Generation -- 1.9 OFDM Challenges and Mitigations -- References -- Chapter 2 OFDM Flavors, ISI, Doppler, Rayleigh, andFading -- 2.1 OFDM Flavors -- 2.2 Subchannelization -- 2.3 Scalable OFDMA, Doppler Shift, and ISI -- 2.3.1 Doppler Spread -- 2.4 Coherence Bandwidth -- 2.5 ISI, Delay, and Fading -- 2.5.1 Selective Frequency Fading Derivation -- 2.5.2 Frequency-Selective Fading and Flat Fading -- 2.5.3 Rayleigh Fading Simulator -- 2.5.4 Fade Rate and Doppler Effect-Slow Fading and Fast Fading Spread -- References -- Part II Technical Background -- Chapter 3 Modulation -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Digital Modulation (Representing Digital Bits with AnalogSignals) -- 3.3 Encoding and Decoding Phase Information -- 3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -- 3.5 Multicarrier Modulation Transmissions and OFDM -- 3.6 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) -- References -- Chapter 4 RF Propagations, Measurements, and Models -- 4.1 RF Propagation -- 4.1.1 Cell Site Definitions -- 4.1.2 Free Space Path Loss -- 4.1.3 Confidence Level -- 4.1.4 Confidence Interval -- 4.2 Measurements and Drive Test Considerations -- 4.3 Propagation Models -- 4.3.1 Free Space Path Loss Model.

4.3.2 The Okumura-Hata Model -- 4.3.3 PCS Extension to the Hata Model -- 4.3.4 Longely-Rice Model -- 4.3.5 Indoor Propagation Model -- References -- Chapter 5 Communication Channel Characterization -- 5.1 Gaussian Noise and Line-of-Sight and Nonline-of-Sight Paths -- 5.2 Characterizing the Radio Environment -- 5.3 Multipaths and Doppler Shifts -- 5.4 Nyquist and Shannon-Hartley -- 5.4.1 Noise, Noise Floor, and Interference Definitions -- 5.4.2 Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth -- 5.4.3 Shannon-Hartley -- 5.5 Separation of Colocated Antennas -- 5.5.1 Vertical and Horizontal Separation -- 5.6 Intermodulation -- 5.6.1 Strategies to Avoid, Troubleshoot, and Mitigate IM -- 5.7 WiMAX Versus Satellite Interference Consideration [5] -- 5.8 Interferences -- 5.8.1 Adjacent Channel Interference -- 5.8.2 Distance Path Loss of Geographic Separation -- 5.8.3 Near-End-Far-End -- 5.8.4 Antenna Directions -- 5.9 Other Sources of Signal Losses -- 5.10 Tower-Mounted Amplifiers (TMAs) -- References -- Part III WiMAX Radio Design -- Chapter 6 Network Planning Fundamentals -- 6.1 WiMAX Link Budget -- 6.2 Propagation Model and Range Calculation -- 6.2.1 Prediction and Simulation -- 6.3 Stanford University Interim Model (SUI Model) -- 6.4 Coverage and Capacity Planning -- 6.4.1 Capacity Considerations -- 6.5 Investment and Break-Even Considerations -- References -- Chapter 7 Point-to-Point Link Design -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bandwidths, Rainfalls, and Margins -- 7.3 PTP Design Parameters and Signal Impairments -- 7.3.1 Refractivity -- 7.3.2 Foliage Attenuation -- 7.4 Availability -- 7.4.1 Path Availability -- 7.5 PTP Design Examples -- 7.5.1 Design 1 -- 7.5.2 Design 2 -- References -- Chapter 8 Link, Design, Oversubscription, and Delay -- 8.1 Link Analysis and Design -- 8.1.1 Digital Communication Link Design Example -- 8.1.2 WiMAX Link Design Examples.

8.1.3 Cochannel Interference and C/I Computation Example -- 8.2 Oversubscription, Link Usage, and Delay -- 8.2.1 Link Usage -- 8.2.2 Delay -- 8.2.3 Poisson Arrival Process -- 8.2.4 Erlang B -- 8.2.5 Erlang C (Blocked Calls Queued) -- References -- Chapter 9 WiMAX Capacity, Frequency Planning, and MIMO Antennas -- 9.1 WiMAX Capacity -- 9.1.1 Capacity Calculation -- 9.2 WiMAX Frequency Planning -- 9.2.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse -- 9.2.2 Frequency Plan (Other Schemes) -- 9.3 MIMO Antennas -- 9.3.1 Overview -- 9.3.2 Terms and Concepts -- 9.3.3 Open Loop MIMO -- 9.3.4 Beam Forming -- 9.3.5 MIMO Antenna Concept -- 9.3.6 Summary of Major Antenna Techniques -- References -- Chapter 10 Case Study -- 10.1 Range Determination -- 10.1.1 Assumptions -- 10.1.2 Range Calculation -- 10.2 Number of Sites for Coverage and Capacity -- 10.3 Summary -- Chapter 11 Preliminary Design to Benchmarking -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.2 Back-of-the-Envelope Link Budget and Area Estimate -- 11.3 Reverse Engineering -- 11.4 Model Tuning -- 11.5 Model Tuning Using a Prediction Tool -- 11.6 Site Design Using a Prediction Tool -- 11.7 Site Qualification -- 11.8 The Use of Planning Tools -- 11.9 Site Construction -- 11.10 Optimization -- 11.11 Expansion and Quality Improvement of a Network -- 11.12 Benchmarking -- Part IV Network and Security -- Chapter 12 Fundamentals of WiMAX Network -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 OSI Models and IP-Based Networks -- 12.2.1 PHY Layer -- 12.2.2 Data Link Layer -- 12.2.3 Network Layer -- 12.2.4 Transport Layer -- 12.2.5 Application Layer -- 12.2.6 A Router -- 12.2.7 A Bridge -- 12.3 WiMAX Architecture -- 12.3.1 ASN -- 12.3.2 CSN -- 12.3.3 WiMAX Protocol Stack -- 12.3.4 MAC and QoS -- 12.3.5 Scheduling -- 12.3.6 QoS Protocols -- 12.3.7 Session Protocol -- 12.4 WiMAX Frame Structures -- 12.4.1 TDD Virtues -- 12.4.2 OFDMA TDD Frame Structure.

12.4.3 Subchannels, Slots, Frames, and Permutation -- 12.5 Introduction to VoIP -- 12.6 VoIP over WiMAX -- References -- Chapter 13 WiMAX Security -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Documents Related to the WiMAX Security Standard -- 13.3 Fundamental Data Encryption Techniques -- 13.4 Typical Security Concerns -- 13.5 Accessing Service -- 13.6 Authentication -- 13.7 Authorization -- 13.8 The Network Side of Security -- 13.9 Security Characterization in WiMAX -- 13.10 Security Challenges -- 13.10.1 PHY Layer Protection -- 13.11 MAC Layer Protection -- References -- Part V Comparable Systems -- Chapter 14 WiFi Radio Planning -- 14.1 Overview -- 14.2 Channel and Band Assignments -- 14.3 FCC Power Requirements -- 14.4 Link Budget -- 14.5 The Biggest Recorded Range -- 14.6 Coverage -- 14.7 Capacity -- 14.8 Security Gaps and Solutions -- 14.8.1 IEEE 802.1x -- 14.8.2 802.1x Authentication Steps -- 14.8.3 The Significance of EAP -- References -- Chapter 15 UMTS and WiMAX Comparison -- 15.1 Overview -- 15.2 GSM-to-UMTS Evolution -- 15.2.1 Key Component Definitions -- 15.3 UMTS Architecture's Similarities with WiMAX -- 15.4 Physical Layer Specifications -- 15.5 WCDMA Physical Layer Radio Frame -- 15.6 Channel Definitions and Functions -- 15.6.1 Uplink and Downlink Channels in WCDMA -- 15.6.2 Channel Mappings -- 15.6.3 Essentials of UE-Node B Air Interface Communication -- 15.7 Channelization and Spreading -- 15.7.1 Spreading and Scrambling Codes -- 15.8 Typical Link Budget -- 15.9 Typical Capacity -- 15.9.1 HSDPA Capacity -- References -- Chapter 16 Competing with and Complementing WiMAX -- 16.1 Signaling System 7 -- 16.1.1 ANSI-41 -- 16.1.2 Protocol -- 16.1.3 ISUP -- 16.1.4 SS7 Network -- 16.2 Wireless Failover Alternative for SS7 -- 16.3 WiMAX Backhaul for WiFi Mesh -- 16.4 WiMAX Complementing WiFi Hotspot -- 16.5 Working with IP-Based Technologies.

16.6 Versatility of WiMAX Network and Protocol -- 16.7 Competing Against WiMAX -- 16.7.1 Overview -- 16.7.2 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) -- 16.7.3 Comments and Opinions on UMB and WiMAX -- 16.8 The Competition for Dominance -- References -- Appendix A Erlang B -- Appendix B Erlang C -- Appendix C Error Functions -- Appendix D Mathematical Formula -- D.1 Basic RF Design Formulas -- Acronyms -- About the Author -- Index.