About the Series Editors -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Laboratory Procedures for Diagnosis of Malaria DC Warhurst and JE Williams -- Introduction -- Microscopy -- Samples and Methods -- Stains and Reagents -- Thin Blood Film -- Thick Blood Film -- Samples -- Preparation of Thick Blood Film -- Staining Method (Giemsa's Method) -- Staining Method (Field's Stain) -- Blood Films from Suspected Hemorrhagic Fevers or HIV -- Thick Films -- Thin Films -- Comment -- Interpretation of Stained Thin Films (see Figs. 1-15 and Table) -- Importance of Parasitemia Estimation in P. falciparum Malaria -- Serology -- Source of Antigen -- Fluorescent Microscopy -- Fluorochrome Dyes -- The Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBCTM) -- Antigen Detection Methods -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Comment -- Nucleic Acid Methods -- Species Determination -- Drug Resistance Detection -- References -- Chapter 2 Definition, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management of the Anemia of Malaria Geoffrey Pasvol and Saad H Abdalla -- Introduction -- Definition -- Determinants of the Epidemiology of Malarial Anemia -- Parasite Species -- Malarial Endemicity, Age of the Host, and Pregnancy -- Associated Host Genetic Factors -- Other Nonmalarial Causes of Anemia -- Morbidity and Mortality of Severe Malarial Anemia -- The Natural History of Malarial Anemia -- Clinical Features of the Anemia of Malaria -- Diagnostic Aspects of the Anemic Patient with Malaria -- Blood Film Appearances -- Reticulocyte Counts -- Serum Bilirubin -- Haptoglobins -- Serum Ferritin -- Folate -- Bone Marrow Appearances -- Management of the Anemia of Malaria -- Antimalarials -- Treatment of Coexisting Bacterial Sepsis -- Blood Transfusion -- Exchange Transfusion (see also Chapter 12) -- Hematinics -- Antihelminthics -- Followup -- Prevention -- A Malarial Vaccine.

Insecticide-Impregnated Bednets -- Antimalarial Chemoprophylaxis -- References -- Chapter 3 Pathogenesis of the Anemia of Malaria Saad H Abdalla and Geoffrey Pasvol -- Introduction -- Anemia in Different Clinical Settings of Malaria -- Mechanisms of Anemia in Malaria (Table 1) -- First Phase: Immediate Red Cell Destruction -- Destruction of Parasitized Cells by Maturation of Parasites -- Action of Antimalarials -- Removal by the RE System -- Second Phase: Destruction of Nonparasitized Red Cells (NPRBCs) -- Nonimmune Mechanisms of Red Cell Loss -- Nonspecific Increased Reticuloendothelial and Splenic Function (Hypersplenism) -- Decreased Deformability of Red Cells -- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) -- Changes in the Red Cell Membrane -- Immune Mechanisms of Red Cell Loss -- Age, Malaria Endemicity and Parasitemia -- Quantitation and Subgroup Specificity of Immunoglobulin Sensitization -- Role of Complement Activation -- Antigen Specificity of IgG on Red Cells of Patients with a Positive DAT and Malaria -- Conclusions Regarding the Significance of the Positive DAT in Malaria -- Specific Syndromes Associated with Severe Acute Anemia in Malaria -- Blackwater Fever -- Hemophagocytosis-like Syndrome in Patients with Malaria -- Hyperreactive Malaria Splenomegaly -- Third Phase: Decreased Red Cell Production -- In Acute Malaria -- In Chronic Malaria -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Iron and Folate in Malaria Saad H Abdalla -- Introduction -- Iron and Malaria -- Iron Metabolism of Malaria Parasites -- Iron Chelators and Malaria -- Iron and Antimalarials -- Iron Parameters in Patients with Malaria -- Hematological Parameters Used to Assess the Iron Status in Patients with Malaria -- Biochemical Parameters Used to Assess the Iron Status in Patients with Malaria.

The Effects of Iron Deficiency and Iron Treatment on the Clinical Course of Malaria -- Conclusions -- Folate and Malaria -- Folate Metabolism in Malaria Parasites and Effects of Antimalarials -- Folate Deficiency and Folate Supplementation and the Anemia of Malaria -- Folate Deficiency During Malaria Prophylaxis with Antifolate Drugs -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Leukocytes in Malaria Saad H Abdalla -- Introduction -- Numerical Changes in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes -- Total Leukocyte Counts -- Neutrophils -- Lymphocytes and Subsets -- γδ+ T Lymphocytes -- Monocytes -- Eosinophils -- Basophils -- Bone Marrow Changes -- Granulocyte Series -- Monocytes and Macrophages -- Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells -- Significance of the White Cell Changes in the Bone Marrow in Comparison with Those in the Blood -- Morphological Changes in White Cells in Malaria -- Ultrastructural Changes of White Cells -- Phagocytosis in Malaria -- Morphological Features of Phagocytosis in Malaria -- Kinetics and Significance of Malaria Pigment in Phagocytic Cells -- Phagocytic Cell Function in Malaria -- In Vivo Phagocytosis -- In Vitro Phagocytosis -- Other Changes Related to Phagocytic Cells in Malaria -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Cytokine Changes in Malaria Saad H Abdalla -- Proinflammatory Cytokines and Malaria -- Tumor Necrosis Factor -- Interleukin 1 (IL-1) -- Interferon Gamma -- Clinical Data -- Experimental Data: Factors Causing Release of IFN-γ from Lymphocytes -- Conclusions -- Interleukin 6 (IL-6) -- Chemokines and Receptors -- Interleukin 12 (IL-12) -- Anti-inflammatory Cytokines -- Interleukin 10 (IL-10) -- In Vivo Levels -- Ex Vivo -- Experimental Work -- Postulated Mechanisms of Protective Effects of IL-10 in Patients with Malaria -- Interleukin 4 (IL-4) -- Interleukin 5 (IL-5) -- Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) -- Other Cytokines.

Nitric Oxide and iNOS -- Triggers of Cytokine Release in Malaria -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 The Bone Marrow in Human Malaria Saad H Abdalla and Sunitha N Wickramasinghe -- Introduction -- Parasite Stages in the Bone Marrow -- Asexual Stages -- Sexual Stages -- The Diagnostic Value of Bone Marrow Aspiration in Malaria -- Hematopoiesis in Malaria -- Introduction -- Bone Marrow Cellularity of Patients with Malaria -- Erythropoiesis -- Qualitative Changes -- Distribution of Hemosiderin -- Myelopoieisis -- Numerical Changes -- Morphological Features -- Phagocytosis -- Megakaryocytes -- Ultrastructural Changes Affecting Human Bone Marrow in Malaria* -- Functional Changes Affecting Bone Marrow Cells in Malaria -- Cell Cycle Studies -- The Deoxyuridine (dU) Suppression Test -- Ferrokinetic Studies -- Progenitor Cells -- Erythropoietin Production During Malaria -- The Postulated Causes of Dyserythropoiesis in Malaria -- Parasite Products That May Result in Dyserythropoiesis -- Host-Generated Molecules -- Is Dyserythropoiesis Advantageous in Malaria? -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Platelets and Blood Coagulation in Human Malaria Paul N Newton, Etim Essien and Nicholas J White -- Introduction -- Platelet Abnormalities in Malaria -- Changes in the Platelet Count -- Mechanisms of Thrombocytopenia in Acute Malaria -- Splenic Pooling -- Platelet Aggregation and Activation -- Antibody-Mediated Mechanisms -- Erythrocyte ADP Release -- Parasite Invasion of Platelets -- Platelet Phagocytosis -- Platelet Adhesion to Erythrocytes -- Oxidative Stress -- Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly -- Coagulation Abnormalities in Malaria -- Pro- and Anticoagulant Mediator Abnormalities -- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation -- Malaria Pathogenesis, Platelets and Coagulation -- Antimalarial Drugs and Platelets.

Clinical Management-Malaria, Platelets and Coagulation -- References -- Chapter 9 Innate Resistance to Malaria Conferred by Red Cell Genetic Defects Ronald L Nagel -- Introduction -- Innate Resistance to Malaria Conferred by Hemoglobinopathies -- P. falciparum Malaria and Sickle Hemoglobin (HbS) -- Malaria and the HbC Trait and HbC Disease -- Malaria and HbSC Disease -- Malaria and HbE -- Malaria HbF and the Thalassemias -- Neonatal Red Cells and Red Cells Containing HbF -- Malaria and β-Thalassemia -- Malaria and α-Thalassemia -- Enzyme Deficiencies -- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Malaria -- Red Cells with Cytoskeleton Abnormalities -- Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis -- Hereditary Elliptocytosis -- Hereditary Spherocytosis -- Blood Group Antigen Polymorphisms and Malaria -- Duffy Blood Group and P. vivax Malaria -- Serology, Protein Chemistry and Ethnic Distribution -- Innate Resistance -- Duffy and Var Genes and Adhesion -- Complement Receptor 1 Knops Blood Group, ABO Blood Groups and Malaria -- Glycophorin Deficiency -- References -- Chapter 10 The Spleen and Malaria Imelda Bates -- Introduction -- Splenomegaly in Malaria -- Incidence of Splenomegaly in Malarious Areas -- Incidence of Splenomegaly in Acute Malaria -- Hackett's Classification of Splenomegaly -- Measurement of Splenic Enlargement -- Bedside Measurement with a Tape Measure -- Splenic Ultrasound -- Other Methods -- Histology of the Spleen in Malaria -- Splenic Complications of Malaria -- Rupture of the spleen -- Hypersplenism -- Other Splenic Complications of Malaria -- Splenic Cysts -- Ectopic Splenomegaly -- Reticuloendothelial Function in Malaria -- Structure of the Spleen -- Hyposplenism and Malaria -- General Features of Hyposplenism -- Functional Hyposplenism and Susceptibility to Malaria -- Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly.

Causes of Massive Splenomegaly in Malaria-Endemic Areas.