Complementary Oncology: Adjunctive Methods in the Treatment of Cancer -- Copyright -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Contents -- Current Issues in the Treatment of Cancer -- 1 Introduction to Complementary Medicine in Oncology -- Introduction -- Overview of Methods -- Nutrition Advice -- Exercise, Physical Activity -- Psycho-oncological Support -- Substitution of Essential Minerals and Vitamins -- Enzyme Substitution -- Phytotherapy -- Thymic Peptide Therapy -- Probiotic Therapy -- Blockade of Adhesion Molecules -- Hyperthermia -- Fringe Methods -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Conventional Treatment of Cancer: The Case of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -- Introduction -- What Are the Characteristicsof a Successful Clinical Trial? -- History of Clinical Trials -- Surgery as a Cancer Therapy -- Radiation as a Cancer Therapy -- Chemotherapy as a Cancer Therapy -- The Conventional Treatmentof Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer -- The Surgical Treatment of Non-SmallCell Lung Cancer -- Stage I NSCLC -- Stage II NSCLC -- Stage III NSCLC -- Stage IV NSCLC -- Iressa -- Psychosocial Impact of Placeboand "Nocebo" in Advanced NSCLC -- Recurrences of Stage IV NSCLC -- Conclusions -- Comparisons with CAM -- References -- 3 Tumor Immunology -- Introduction -- Identifiable Tumor Antigens -- Effector Cells and Mechanisms of Antitumor Immunity -- Recognition of Danger Signals by Toll-Like Receptors and DC Activation -- Concomitant Immunity, Generation of Memory Cells, and Tumor Immune Escape -- Looking Ahead -- References -- 4 Introduction to Medical Biometry -- Introduction -- The Setting of Therapeutic Research in Oncology -- Special Features of Research in Cancer Treatment -- Problems of Conducting Studiesin Complementary Oncology -- Primary Outcome Measuresin Therapeutic Trials in Oncology -- Survival Time and Quality of Life.

The Problem of Secondary Efficacy Parameters -- Evaluation of Efficacy -- Objectives and Types of Trials -- The Problem of Comparability -- Randomization and Feasibility of Randomization -- Implementation of Therapeutic Trials -- Choice of Outcome Measures -- The Intention-to-Treat Principle -- Avoidance of Inflation of False-Positive Results -- References -- 5 Expert Systems in Complementary Oncology -- Introduction -- Mathematical Contributionto Diagnosis and Therapy -- What is an Expert System? -- Uses in Medicine -- Fuzzy Logic -- Fuzzy set -- Linguistic Variables -- Fuzzy Rules -- Fuzzy Implication -- Fuzzy-Logical Operations -- Combination -- Example: Interpretation of Regulation Thermograms -- Regulation Thermography -- Fuzzy Modeling of Expert Knowledge -- Design of an Expert System for Regulation Thermography -- Creating a Body of Rules -- Automatic Generation of Rules/Hypotheses -- Neuronal Networks -- References -- 6 Observational Studies on Drugs Efficacy -- Introduction -- Therapeutic Efficacy and Proofof Efficacy -- Controlled Clinical Trials -- Cohort Studies -- Study Design -- Concept for Evaluation -- Example of a Cohort Study in Oncology -- Summary -- Addendum: Basic Terminology of Probability and Statistics -- References -- 7 Electronically Supported Outcome Measurement -- Introduction -- Basic Methodological Considerations -- Evidence-Based Medicine -- Efficacy and Benefit -- Prolonged Survival, Historical Controls, Screening -- Spontaneous Course of Disease and Motivation -- Applicability of Study Results -- Routine Care-Based Research -- Quality of Life Measurement -- Health-Related Quality of Life -- Self-Assessment vs. Proxy Rating -- Questionnaire Development -- Costs of Quality of Life Measurement -- Preconditions of Quality of Life Measurement -- Adequate Setting -- Paper-Based vs. Electronic Outcome Measurement.

Technical Possibilities -- Requirements for an Ideal Tool -- The QL-Recorder -- Pre-Configured Software Packages with Electronic Questionnaires -- Non-Technical Requirements -- Research Questions -- Staff Training -- Process Management and Tight Feedback -- Data Protection -- Application Examples -- References -- 8 Cancer and Nutrition -- Introduction -- Carcinogens and Cocarcinogensin the Food -- Dietary Components Effectivein Prevention -- Antioxidants -- Clinical Studies -- Dietary Recommendations for the Prevention of Cancer -- The Role of Nutrition in Cancer Treatment -- Cancer Cachexia and Anorexia -- Determination of the Nutritional State -- Nutritional Recommendations for Cancer Patients -- Preoperative Nutrition Therapy -- Postoperative Nutrition Therapy -- Adjuvant Nutrition Therapy -- Benefits of Nutritional Consultation-Conclusions -- References -- 9 Exercise in Cancer Prevention and Follow-up -- Introduction -- Effect of Exercise -- Clinical Examinations -- Organization of Sport Groups -- Entrance Examination -- Preparation -- Exemplary Exercise Units -- Contraindications and Application Restrictions -- Exercise for the Cancer Patient Outside of Specialized Types of Sport -- Water Gymnastics -- Swimming -- Aqua-Jogging -- Gymnastics -- Ball Games -- Racket Games -- Martial Arts -- Tai Chi -- Winter Sports -- Hiking -- Walking -- Long-Distance Running -- References -- 10 Psycho-oncology -- Introduction -- The Term "Health" -- The Cancer Diagnosis as Psychological Trauma -- Coping Mechanisms and Defense Mechanisms -- Clinical Studies -- Cancer Personality -- Cancer Biography -- Stress and Cancer -- Psychosomatic Strain in Cancer -- Tumor Activation -- Psychotherapeutic Aspectsin Oncology -- Effective Factors in Psycho-oncology Therapy -- Subjective Disease Concept -- The Patient-Doctor Relationshipin Oncology -- Treatment Planning.

Points of Emphasis in the Physician's Conducting of Conversation and the Conversational Setting -- Questioning Techniques -- Conversation Techniques -- The Power of the Word -- References -- 11 Biological Basis for Using High Dose Multiple Antioxidants as an Adjunct to Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, and Experimental Cancer Therapies -- Introduction -- Antioxidants -- Definition of Types of Antioxidantsand Their Doses -- Conceptual Framework of Hypotheses -- Effect in Experimental Analysis -- Experimental Basis of Our Hypothesis -- High Doses of Dietary Antioxidants Enhance the Effect of Irradiationon Cancer Cells -- High Doses of Dietary Antioxidants Enhance the Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Cancer Cells -- Efficacy of Individual Antioxidantsin Combination with Hyperthermia -- Effect of Individual Antioxidant Vitamins in Combination with Certain Biological Response Modifiers -- Antioxidants Selectively Protect Normal Cells against Damage Produced by Radiation and ChemotherapeuticAgents -- Mechanisms of Action of Dietary Antioxidant-Induced Enhancement of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy -- Modification of Radiation Damage by Endogenous Antioxidants -- Experimental Basis of the Other Hypothesis -- Proposed Doses of Micronutrients To Be Used as an Adjunct to Radiation Therapy and/or Chemotherapy -- References -- 12 Selenium in Oncology -- Introduction -- Selenium in Cancer Prevention -- Epidemiological and Case-ControlStudies -- Effects of Selenium-AntagonisticElements -- Cancer Prevention Trials with Selenium -- Mechanisms of Anticarcinogenic Action -- Effects of Selenium Deficiency on Gene Expression -- Antimutagenic and Antiviral Effects -- The Putative Role of the Thioredoxin Reductases -- Effect on DNA Methylation -- Oncogene Inactivation -- Selenium in Cancer Chemotherapy -- Reduction of Side Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agent.

Current Therapeutic Selenite Dosage Recommendations -- Anti-Inflammatory Effects -- Diminution of Drug Resistance -- Radioprotective Effects -- Immunoprotective Effects -- Sodium Selenite in the Management of Secondary Lymphedema -- Lymphedema of the Arm -- Lymphedema in the Head-Neck Area -- Sodium Selenite in the Maintenance of Brain Tumor Patients -- Answers to Some Frequently Asked Questions -- Germany's Selenium Status and the Recommended Daily Selenium Intake -- Optimal Selenium Intakes for Cancer Prevention -- Therapeutic and Nutritional Forms of Selenium -- Incompatibility of Vitamin C with Sodium Selenite -- Upper Safe, Permissible, and Toxic Dosages -- References -- 13 Proteolytic Enzymes -- Introduction -- Pharmacological Examinations -- Experimental Studies -- Clinical Studies -- Plasmacytoma -- Breast Cancer -- Colorectal Cancer -- Summary -- References -- 14 Lectin-Standardized Mistletoe Extracts -- Origin of the Mistletoe Extract Therapy -- Mechanism of Action and the Application of Mistletoe Extracts in Medicine -- Experimental Studies -- Clinical Studies -- General Remarks . -- Special Applications -- Summary -- Outlook -- References -- 15 Mistletoe Extracts from the Anthroposophical Point of View -- Introduction -- Mistletoe Extracts -- Experimental Studies -- Cytotoxicity -- Immunomodulation -- Clinical Studies -- Immunomodulation -- Quality of Life -- Summary -- References -- 16 Thymic Peptides -- General Remarks -- Total Thymic Extracts (Complex Mixtures) -- Thymic Peptides -- Standardized Thymic Peptide Mixtures -- Experimental Studies -- Clinical Studies -- Summary -- Outlook -- References -- 17 Probiotic Therapy -- Introduction -- Man and Microbes -- Gnotobiology -- Microbial Populations -- Pathogenic Microbes -- Antibiosis -- Probiotic Therapy -- Microorganisms Used -- Autovaccines -- Indications and Forms of Administration.

Extent and Duration.