DISCOURSE PARTICLES -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Contributors to this volume -- Introduction -- REFERENCES -- Identical values in conflicting roles: The use of German ausgerechnet, eben, genau and gerade as focus particles -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The meaning of focus particles -- 2. Class membership and uses -- 3. The use as focus particle -- 3.1. Identity -- 3.2. Conflicting Roles -- 4. Implications for the analysis of other uses -- 5. Historical evidence -- 6. Conclusion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Focusing and backgrounding operators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Focusing operators -- 3. Three theories of focusing operators -- 4. Formal semantics -- 5. A background semantics for questions -- 5.1 or in questions -- 5.2 Alternative questions -- 5.3 Categorial questions -- 5.4 Multiple questions -- 5.5 Indirect questions -- 5.6 Congruent answers -- 6. A structured meaning approach to questions -- 7. Alternative semantics or structured meanings ? -- 8. Quantified nominais in focus? -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- Schon - erst - noch: An integrated analysis -- 0. Introduction -- 0.1 The scope of this study -- 0.2. Preliminary remarks about tense and aspect -- 1. The basic meaning of schon and noch -- 1.1. Negations and duality -- 1.2. The semantics of the particles -- 1.3. Truth-conditions -- 1.4. The meaning formalized -- 1.5. On the pragmatics of the particles -- Semantic incompatibilities -- Contrast -- Inherited perspectives -- Valuations 'early' and 'late' -- Proximity to the transition point -- 2. schon and erst with scalar focus -- 2.1. Some examples -- 2.2. The semantic contribution of focussing -- 2.3. The semantic contribution of schon and erst -- 2.4. erst and noch -- 3. schon and erst focussing on frame adverbials -- 3.1. Delimitation against the previous use -- 3.2. Two temporal dimensions.

3.3. The meaning formalized -- 4. Perfective noch -- 4.1. The so-called noch -- 4.2. noch focussing on temporal frame adverbials -- 5. Derivable other uses -- 5.1. Secondary temporal uses -- 5.2. Other scales -- 5.3. Local uses -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX: LINEAR ORDERINGS -- Proposition 1 -- Proposition 2 -- On the semantics of modal particles -- 1. Illocutionary semantics and the relational view of focus -- 2. ja as a modifier of IT -- 3. The ethic dative as a modifier of IT -- 4. Compositionality and the minimalistic approach -- 5. Syntactic consequences -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 'Wir sind ja doch alte Bekannte' The use of Germanja and doch as modal particles -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Ja and doch as modal particles: their syntactic properties -- 2. The semantics of MP ja and MP doch -- 2.1. The semantics of MP ja -- 2.2. The semantics of MP doch -- 3. The semantics of the MPs ja and doch: The combined use -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Discourse particles in German: How does their illocutive force come about? -- 1. The problem -- 2. The meaning genesis of modal particles in German -- 2.1. The meaning-constituting variables 'contrasting domain' and 'context' -- 2.2. Extension of the material: auch as adverb, scalar particle and MP -- 2.3. Further extensions: eben as adjective and modal particle -- 2.4. bloß and nur as modal particles -- 3. Towards a derivation of non-referential modal particle lexemes: German 'nur', 'bloß', 'doch', 'ja', and 'wohl' -- 4. Syntactic constraints -- 4.1. Structural positions and linearity -- 4.2. Results and implications -- 4.3. Questions -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- German particles in a modular grammar: Neurolinguistic evidence -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semantics versus pragmatics -- 3. The case of German particles -- 4. Three neurolinguistic hypotheses -- 5. Experiments -- 5.1. Experiment I -- 5.1.1. Materials.

5.1.2. Procedure -- 5.1.3. Subjects -- 5.1.4. Results -- 5.1.5. Discussion -- 5.2. Experiment II -- 5.2.1. Materials -- 5.2.2. Procedure -- 5.2.3. Subjects -- 5.2.4. Results -- 5.2.4.1. Errors -- 5.2.4.2. Reaction times -- 5.2.5. Discussion -- 6. General discussion -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- The treatment of function words in a new bilingual German-English dictionary -- 1. Evaluating traditional dictionaries -- 2. Syntactic subclassification -- 3. Selectional restrictions specified in terms of context -- (i) Time vs. place -- (ii) Collocations -- (iii) Negation -- (iv) Negative polarity -- (ν) Stress -- (vi) Comparative and superlative -- (vii) Sentence type -- (viii) Focus of particle -- (ix) Point-in-time vs. time span -- 4. Summary -- 5. Sample entries -- schon -- gleich -- jedenfalls -- letztlich -- NOTE -- REFERENCES -- Index of names -- Subject index -- Index of particles and related lexemes.