Applications of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Solid Propellants and Their Combustion Characteristics -- 1.1 Background of Solid Propellant Combustion -- 1.1.1 Definition of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.2 Desirable Characteristics of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.3 Calculation of Oxygen Balance -- 1.1.4 Homogeneous Propellants -- 1.1.4.1 Decomposition Characteristics of NC -- 1.1.5 Heterogeneous Propellants (or Composite Propellants) -- 1.1.6 Major Types of Ingredients in Solid Propellants -- 1.1.6.1 Description of Oxidizer Ingredients -- 1.1.6.2 Description of Fuel Binders -- 1.1.6.3 Curing and Cross-Linking Agents -- 1.1.6.4 Aging -- 1.1.7 Applications of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.7.1 Hazard Classifications of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.8 Material Characterization of Propellants -- 1.1.8.1 Propellant Density Calculation -- 1.1.8.2 Propellant Mass Fraction, -- 1.1.8.3 Viscoelastic Behavior of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.9 Thermal Profile in a Burning Solid Propellant -- 1.1.9.1 Surface and Subsurface Temperature Measurements of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.9.2 Interfacial Energy Flux Balance at the Solid Propellant Surface -- 1.1.9.3 Energy Equation for the Gas Phase -- 1.1.9.4 Burning Rate of Solid Propellants -- 1.1.9.5 Temperature Sensitivity of Burning Rate -- 1.1.9.6 Measurement of Propellant Burning Rate by Using a Strand Burner -- 1.1.9.7 Measurement of Propellant Burning Rate by Using a Small-Scale Motor -- 1.1.9.8 Burning Rate Temperature Sensitivity of Neat Ingredients -- 1.2 Solid-Propellant Rocket and Gun Performance Parameters -- 1.2.1 Performance Parameters of a Solid Rocket Motor -- 1.2.1.1 Thrust of a Solid Rocket Motor -- 1.2.1.2 Specific Impulse of a Solid Rocket Motor -- 1.2.1.3 Density-Specific Impulse -- 1.2.1.4 Effective Vacuum Exhaust Velocity -- 1.2.1.5 Characteristic Velocity C*.

1.2.1.6 Pressure Sensitivity of Burning Rate -- 1.2.1.7 Thrust Coefficient Efficiency -- 1.2.1.8 Effect of Pressure Exponent on Stable/Unstable Burning in Solid Rocket Motor -- 1.2.2 Performance Parameters of Solid-Propellant Gun Systems -- 1.2.2.1 Energy Balance Equation -- 1.2.2.2 Efficiencies of Gun Propulsion Systems -- 1.2.2.3 Heat of Explosion (Hoex) -- 1.2.2.4 Relative Quickness, Relative Force, and Deviations in Muzzle Velocity -- 1.2.2.5 Dynamic Vivacity -- Chapter 2 Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Nitramines -- 2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nitramines -- 2.2 Polymorphic Forms of Nitramines -- 2.2.1 Polymorphic Forms of HMX -- 2.2.2 Polymorphic Forms of RDX -- 2.3 Thermal Decomposition of RDX -- 2.3.1 Explanation of Opposite Trends on α- and β-RDX Decomposition with Increasing Pressure -- 2.3.2 Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of RDX -- 2.3.2.1 Homolytic N-N Bond Cleavage -- 2.3.2.2 Concerted Ring Opening Mechanism of RDX -- 2.3.2.3 Successive HONO Elimination Mechanism of RDX -- 2.3.2.4 Analysis of Three Decomposition Mechanisms -- 2.3.3 Formation of Foam Layer Near RDX Burning Surface -- 2.4 Gas-Phase Reactions of RDX -- 2.4.1 Development of Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanism for RDX Combustion -- 2.5 Modeling of RDX Monopropellant Combustion with Surface Reactions -- 2.5.1 Processes in Foam-Layer Region -- 2.5.2 Reactions Considered in the Foam Layer -- 2.5.3 Evaporation and Condensation Consideration for RDX -- 2.5.4 Boundary Conditions -- 2.5.5 Numerical Methods Used for RDX Combustion Model with Foam Layer -- 2.5.6 Predicted Flame Structure -- Chapter 3 Burning Behavior of Homogeneous Solid Propellants -- 3.1 Common Ingredients in Homogeneous Propellants -- 3.2 Combustion Wave Structure of a Double-Base Propellant.

3.3 Burning Rate Behavior of a Double-Base Propellant -- 3.4 Burning Rate Behavior of Catalyzed Nitrate-Ester Propellants -- 3.5 Thermal Wave Structure and Pyrolysis Law of Homogeneous Propellants -- 3.5.1 Dark Zone Residence Time Correlation -- 3.6 Modeling and Prediction of Homogeneous Propellant Combustion Behavior -- 3.6.1 Multi-Ingredient Model of Miller and Anderson -- 3.6.1.1 NC: A Special Case Ingredient -- 3.6.1.2 Comparison of Calculated Propellant Burning Rates with the Experimental Data -- 3.7 Transient Burning Characterization of Homogeneous Solid Propellant -- 3.7.1 What is Dynamic Burning? -- 3.7.2 Theoretical Models for Dynamic Burning -- 3.7.2.1 dp/dt Approach -- 3.7.2.2 Flame Description Approach -- 3.7.2.3 Zel'dovich Approach -- 3.7.2.4 Characterization of Dynamic Burning of JA2 Propellant Using the Zel'dovich Approach -- 3.7.2.5 Experimental Measurement of Dynamic Burning Rate of JA2 Propellant -- 3.7.2.6 Novozhilov Stability Parameters -- 3.7.2.7 Novozhilov Stability Parameters for JA2 Propellant -- 3.7.2.8 Some Problems Associated with Dynamic Burning Characterization -- 3.7.2.9 Factors Influencing Dynamic Burning -- Chapter Problems -- Chapter 4 Chemically Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Applications of Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows -- 4.1.2 High-Temperature Experimental Facilities Used in Investigation -- 4.1.3 Theoretical Approaches and Boundary-Layer Flow Classifications -- 4.1.4 Historical Survey -- 4.2 Governing Equations for Two-Dimensional Reacting Boundary-Layer Flows -- 4.3 Boundary Conditions -- 4.4 Chemical Kinetics -- 4.4.1 Homogeneous Chemical Reactions -- 4.4.2 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions -- 4.5 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows with Surface Reactions -- 4.5.1 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions -- 4.5.2 Transformation to (ξ, η) Coordinates.

4.5.3 Conditions for Decoupling of Governing Equations and Self-Similar Solutions -- 4.5.4 Damkohler Number for Surface Reactions -- 4.5.5 Surface Combustion of Graphite Near the Stagnation Region -- 4.6 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flows With Gas-Phase Reactions -- 4.6.1 Governing Equations and Coordinate Transformation -- 4.6.2 Damkohler Number for Gas-Phase Reactions -- 4.6.3 Extension to Axisymmetric Cases -- 4.7 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flows with Chemical Reactions -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 Boundary-Layer Integral Matrix Procedure of Evans -- 4.7.2.1 General Conservation Equations -- 4.7.2.2 Molecular Transport Properties -- 4.7.2.3 Turbulent Transport Properties -- 4.7.2.4 Equation of State -- 4.7.2.5 Integral Matrix Solution Procedure -- 4.7.2.6 Limitations of the BLIMP Analysis -- 4.7.3 Marching-Integration Procedure of Patankar and Spalding -- 4.7.3.1 Description of the Physical Model -- 4.7.3.2 Conservation Equations for the Viscous Region -- 4.7.3.3 Modeling of the Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions -- 4.7.3.4 Governing Equations for the Inviscid Region -- 4.7.3.5 Boundary Conditions -- 4.7.3.6 Near-Wall Treatment of k and ε -- 4.7.3.7 Coordinate Transformation and Solution Procedure of Patankar and Spalding -- 4.7.3.8 Comparison of Theoretical Results with Experimental Data -- 4.7.4 Metal Erosion by Hot Reactive Gases -- 4.7.5 Thermochemical Erosion of Graphite Nozzles of Solid Rocket Motors -- 4.7.5.1 Graphite Nozzle Erosion Minimization Model and Code -- 4.7.5.2 Governing Equations -- 4.7.5.3 Heterogeneous Reaction Kinetics -- 4.7.5.4 Results from the GNEM Code -- 4.7.5.5 Nozzle Erosion Rate by Other Metallized Propellant Products -- 4.7.6 Turbulent Wall Fires -- 4.7.6.1 Development of the Ahmad-Faeth Correlation.

Chapter 5 Ignition and Combustion of Single Energetic Solid Particles -- 5.1 Why Energetic Particles Are Attractive for Combustion Enhancement in Propulsion -- 5.2 Metal Combustion Classification -- 5.3 Metal Particle Combustion Regimes -- 5.4 Ignition of Boron Particles -- 5.5 Experimental Studies -- 5.5.1 Gasification of Boron Oxides -- 5.5.2 Chemical Kinetics Measurement -- 5.5.3 Boron Ignition Combustion in a Controlled Hot Gas Environment -- 5.6 Theoretical Studies of Boron Ignition and Combustion -- 5.6.1 First-Stage Combustion Models -- 5.6.2 Second-Stage Combustion Models -- 5.6.3 Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms -- 5.6.4 Methods for Enhancement of Boron Ignition -- 5.6.5 Verification of Diffusion Mechanism of Boron Particle Combustion -- 5.6.6 Chemical Identification of the Boron Oxide Layer -- 5.7 Theoretical Model Development of Boron Particle Combustion -- 5.7.1 First-Stage Combustion Model -- 5.7.2 Second-Stage Combustion Model -- 5.7.3 Comparison of Predicted and Measured Combustion Times -- 5.8 Ignition and Combustion of Boron Particles in Fluorine-Containing Environments -- 5.8.1 Multidiffusion Flat-Flame Burner -- 5.8.2 Test Conditions -- 5.8.3 Experimental Results and Discussions -- 5.8.4 Surface Reaction of (BO)n with HF(g) -- 5.8.5 Surface Reaction of (BO)n with F(g) -- 5.8.6 Governing Equations During the First-Stage Combustion of Boron Particles -- 5.8.7 Model for the "Clean'' Boron Consumption Process (Second-Stage Combustion) -- 5.8.7.1 Chemical Kinetics During Second-Stage Combustion -- 5.8.7.2 Consideration of Both Kinetics- and Diffusion-Controlled Second-Stage Combustion -- 5.8.7.3 Governing Equations During the Second-Stage Combustion of Boron Particles -- 5.8.8 Numerical Solution.

5.8.8.1 Comparison with Experimental Data in Oxygen-Containing (Nonfluorine) Environments.