Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Understanding the Labor Market Context and Developments -- Making Reforms Work in Public Training -- Opening Markets for Nongovernment Training Institutions -- Recognizing Formal Sector Enterprises as Trainers -- Building Skills for the Informal Economy -- Promoting Training Reforms with Financing -- Moving Forward with Reforms -- Note -- 1. Introduction and Background -- Introduction -- The Rationale for Training -- Importance of Training in Sub-Saharan Africa Today -- Issues Surrounding TVET -- Highlights of Developments in the 1990s -- International Assistance for Skills Development -- Highlights of the Literature -- Modeling Training Decisions -- Questions of Particular Relevance to Sub-Saharan Africa -- The Africa Regional Review of Skills Development -- Notes -- 2. Labor Market Context and Developments -- Introduction -- Income and Poverty -- Labor Supply -- Labor Demand -- The Informal Sector -- Labor Market Information -- Notes -- 3. Making Reforms Work In Public Training -- Introduction -- An Assessment of State-Sponsored Training -- Making Reforms Work -- Priorities and Policy Issues -- 4. Opening Markets for Nongovernment Training Institutions -- Introduction -- Scope and Characteristics of Nongovernment Training -- Financing and Costs -- Effectiveness -- Regulation of Nongovernment Training Providers -- Issues -- Notes -- 5. Recognizing Formal-Sector Enterprises as Trainers -- Introduction -- Background -- Importance of Enterprise-Based Training -- Pattern and Determinants of Enterprise-Based Training -- Benefits of Enterprise-Based Training -- Recruitment Practices -- Types of Training -- Public-Private Partnerships -- Collective Support Services -- Coping with HIV/AIDS -- Notes -- 6. Building Skills for the Informal Economy.

Introduction -- Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- Initiatives to Support Training Markets -- Policies -- Training Strategies for the Informal Sector -- Toward a Strategy to Improve Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- Issues -- Role of External Agencies -- Notes -- 7. Promoting Reforms with Training Finance -- Introduction -- Resource Mobilization -- Sale of Goods and Services -- Allocation Mechanisms -- Notes -- 8. Moving Forward with Reforms -- The Assessment -- Government's Role -- Role of International Partners -- A Research Agenda -- Appendixes -- Guide to Appendixes -- A. Mali and Senegal: Rationale for Private Provision of Technical-Vocational Education -- B. Mali: Private Technical-Vocational Training- Main Findings -- C. Senegal: Private TVE-Main Findings -- D. Benin: BAA-Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- E. Cameroon: APME-Micro Enterprise Support and Promotion Program -- F. Cameroon: GIPA-One Association's Approach to Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- G. Kenya: Jua Kali Project: Micro and Small Enterprise Training and Technology -- H. Kenya: SITE Project: Improving Traditional Apprenticeship Training -- I. Senegal: FEDNAPH-A Trade Association Providing Skills Training -- J. Tanzania: VETA/GTZ Project: Pilot Programs for Informal Sector Training -- K. Uganda: UNIDO/DANIDA/JICA Project: Master Craftspersons Training -- L. Zimbabwe: ISTARN-Traditional Apprenticeship Program -- M. Training Funds in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- Principal Sources -- References and Selected Bibliography -- Tables -- 1.1 Distribution of Country and Case Studies -- 2.1 African Firms That Ranked the AIDS Epidemic as Having a Moderate or Major Impact on the Costs of Running Their Businesses -- 2.2 Labor Force Participation Rates, by Gender, 1980 and 1997 -- 2.3 Benin: Time Use, by Women and Men.

2.4 Adult Literacy Rates, Selected African Countries, 1985 and 1995 -- 2.5 Gross Enrollment Rates in Africa, 1960-97 -- 2.6 Education Levels of Household Heads, Selected African Countries, 1993-97 -- 2.7 Public Sector Wage-Employment, Selected African Countries, 1993-99 -- 3.1 Secondary Enrollments in Technical-Vocational Subjects -- 4.1 Obstacles to Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training and Solutions -- 4.2 Annual Salaries of Public and Nongovernment TVE Instructors in CFA Francs, Mali and Senegal -- 4.3 Regulatory Frameworks for Nongovernment Technical-Vocational Training, Mali and Senegal -- 5.1 Determinants of Enterprise Efficiency (percentage increase in value added) -- 6.1 Training Needs in the Informal Sector -- 6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Apprenticeship as a Means of Skills Development -- 7.1 Revenue-Generating Payroll Taxes in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 7.2 Tanzania: Sources of Incomes and Training Costs, Selected Church-Owned Training Centers -- 7.3 Mechanisms for Funding Diversification: Advantages and Risks -- 7.4 Income Sources of National Training Funds, Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 7.5 Key Conditions for Training Fund Success -- 7.6 National Levy-Grant Schemes in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 7.7 Weaknesses Common to Levy-Grant Schemes -- 7.8 Strengths and Weaknesses of Enterprise Training Schemes -- 8.1 Strengths and Weaknesses by Type of Training Provider -- Figures -- 1.1 World Bank Lending for TVET, Total and Africa Region -- 1.2 TVET Lending as a Percentage of Total Education Lending -- 1.3 World Bank Education and Training Projects with Training Investments -- 1.4 Studies Included in the Review -- 2.1. Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimated Proportions of Formal and Informal Sector Employment -- 2.2. Labor Force Structure, by Major Economic Sector, Selected African Countries, 1997.

2.3. Informal Sector Employment as a Share of Nonagricultural Employment, Selected African Countries (1990s) -- 2.4. Structure of the Urban Informal Sector, Selected Francophone Countries, 1980s/1990s -- 2.5. Steps in the Training Process -- 3.1 The Range of Public Training Provision by Ownership -- 3.2a Relevance -- 3.2b Quality (Effectiveness) -- 3.2c Internal Efficiency -- 4.1 Diversity in Nongovernment Institution-Based Training -- 4.2 Tanzania: Vocational Training Places by Ownership -- 4.3 Zambia: Training Institutions by Ownership -- 4.4 Costs per Trainee, Nonpublic and Public TVE Institutions in CFA Francs -- 4.5 Mali: Examination Results, Nonpublic and National Totals, by Type of Diploma (1999-2000) -- 4.6 Senegal: Success Rates for State Diplomas, 2000 -- 4.7 Zambia: Examination Passes in Nonpublic Institutions by Type of Examination, 1998-2001 -- 4.8 Zambia: Training Institutions by Type Ranked by Level of Standards, 2001 -- 5.1 Incidence of Formal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- 5.2 Incidence of Informal Training by Industry: Kenya, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- 5.3 International Comparison of Incidence of Informal and Formal Training: Selected Countries -- 5.4 African Enterprises Providing Informal Training by Firm Size, 1995 -- 5.5 African Enterprises Providing Formal Training by Firm Size, 1995 -- 5.6 Percentage of African Firms Providing Formal Training by Ownership, 1995 -- 5.7 Percentage of African Firms Providing Informal Training by Ownership, 1995 -- 5.8 Informal and External Training by Exporting and Nonexporting Firms -- 5.9 Workers Receiving Training by Type and Job Category: Kenya and Zimbabwe, 1995 -- Boxes -- 2.1 Cameroon: Pathways to Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector -- 2.2 Constraints on Informal Sector Enterprises.

2.3 Namibia: Using Labor Market Information for Flexible Training Delivery -- 3.1 Kenya: Evaluation of Public TVET -- 3.2 CONFEMEN Conference on TVET in Bamako, 1998 -- 3.3 Employer-Owned and -Managed Training in Brazil -- 3.4 Zambia: Granting Autonomy to Public Training Institutions -- 3.5 Plans for the Ghanaian National Qualifications Framework -- 4.1 Forms of Regulation -- 4.2 Zambia: Playing Field Slanted against Nongovernment Providers -- 6.1 Senegal: Views on the Position of an Apprentice -- 6.2 The Role of Informal Sector Associations -- 6.3 Main Findings from Study on Literacy for Livelihood Skills -- 6.4 Training Follow-Up in Ghana -- 6.5 Role of Government in Informal Sector Training -- 7.1 Zambia: A Tale of Two Community-Based Trade Schools and Their Fee Policies -- 7.2 Senegal: Introduction of Extra Courses on a Fee-Paying Basis -- 7.3 Togo: Income Mobilization by Renting Institutional Premises -- 7.4 Zambia: Traditional Budgeting -- 7.5 South Africa: Normative Financing Experiment with Technical Colleges -- 7.6 Mauritius: Vouchers for Small Enterprise Training -- 7.7 Malawi: Apprenticeship Allowances.