FRONT COVER -- DYNAMIC AQUARIA: BUILDING AND RESTORING LIVING ECOSYSTEMS -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- The Origin of Life: Microcosm Earth -- Microcosms and Mesocosms of Aquatic Ecosystems -- Restoration of Damaged Ecological Systems -- Summary -- Taxonomic Notes -- References -- PART I: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT -- CHAPTER 2 The Envelope: Physical Parameters and Energy State -- Temperature -- Water Motion -- Tides: Simulating the Effects of Sun and Moon -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Substrate: The Active Role of Rock, Mud, and Sand -- The Solid Earth and Life -- Chemical Relationships Between Rocks, Sea Water, and Organisms -- The Solid Earth, Rock, and Model Ecosystems -- Sediments and Model Ecosystems -- Geological Storage -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Water Composition: Management of Salinity, Hardness, and Evaporation -- Water Structure and Characteristics -- Ocean Salinity -- Hardness of Fresh Waters -- Water and Model Ecosystems -- Algal Scrubbing and Water Composition -- Marine Microcosms and Aquaria -- Quality of Top-up Water -- References -- CHAPTER 5 The Input of Solar Energy: Lighting Requirements -- Photosynthesis and Its Origin -- Solar Radiation and Water -- Light Absorption by Water Plants -- Light Intensity and Plants -- Photorespiration -- Light and Model Ecosystems -- Light and Physiological Considerations -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 6 The Input of Organic Energy: Particulates and Feeding -- Particulates, Energy Supply, and Aquatic Ecosystems -- Inorganic Particulates -- Organic Particulates -- Humic Substance -- Particulates and Aquatic Models -- Biofilms -- Particulate Import in Aquatic Models -- Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration -- References -- PART II: BIOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT -- CHAPTER 7 Metabolism: Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Biological Loading.

Metabolism -- Respiration -- Bacterial Metabolism -- Photosynthesis -- Biological Loading -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Organisms and Gas Exchange: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity -- Oxygen Exchange -- Oxygen, Model Ecosystems, and Ecosystem Restoration -- Carbon Dioxide Exchange -- Carbon Dioxide and Global Aquatic Restoration -- Managing Carbon Dioxide and pH in Microcosms and Mesocosms -- Gas Exchange and Selected Model Ecosystems -- References -- CHAPTER 9 The Primary Nutrients - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica: Limitation and Eutrophication -- Nutrients in Natural Waters -- Eutrophication and Hypereutrophication of Natural Waters -- Nutrients and Model Ecosystems -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Biomineralization and Calcification: A Key to Biosphere and Ecosystem Function -- The Process of Biomineralization -- The Carbonate System and the Formation of Calcite and Aragonite -- Halimeda: Photosynthesis-Induced Calcification -- Calcification in Stony Corals -- Calcification, Stony Corals, Coral Reefs, and Global Warming -- Calcification in Mesocosms and Aquaria -- Coral Reef Aquaria and Stony Coral Calcification -- References -- CHAPTER 11 Control of the Biochemical Environment: Filters, Bacteria, and the Algal Turf Scrubber -- Sterilization Methods -- Bacteriological Filtration -- Reef Systems -- Denitrification -- Foam Fractionation (Protein Skimming) -- Photosynthetic Methods -- Algal Turfs -- The Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS™) -- Algal Scrubbers and the Modeling of Ecosystems -- Summary -- References -- PART III: BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE -- CHAPTER 12 Community Structure: Biodiversity in Model Ecosystems -- The Framework of Biodiversity -- The Community -- The Biome -- Features of Communities -- The Magnitude of Biodiversity -- Community Structure and Ecological Models -- Scaling and Reproduction -- Model Diversity -- Summary.

References -- CHAPTER 13 Trophic Structure: Ecosystems and the Dynamics of Food Chains -- Energy Capture and Flow -- Food Webs -- Food Webs in Model Ecosystems -- Establishment of Food Webs -- Trophic Structure in Aquaria -- The Organisms -- References -- CHAPTER 14 Primary Producers: Plants That Grow on the Bottom -- Benthic Algae -- Algae in Model Ecosystems -- Submerged Aquatic Vegetation -- Marine SAV and Model Ecosystems -- Freshwater SAV and Model Ecosystems -- Emergent Aquatic Vegetation -- EAV and Model Ecosystems -- Plant Communities and the Restoration of Wild Ecosystems -- References -- CHAPTER 15 Herbivores: Predators of Plants and Omnivores, Predators of Plants and Animals -- Types of Herbivores -- Plant Defenses -- Modifications of Marine and Freshwater Herbivores -- Herbivores and Model Ecosystems -- References -- CHAPTER 16 Carnivores: Predators of Animals -- The Carnivore Predator -- The Prey -- The Dynamics of Predation -- Marine and Freshwater Predators -- Predators and Synthetic Ecosystems -- References -- CHAPTER 17 Plankton and Planktivores: Floating Plants and Animals and Their Predators -- Plankton Size and Composition -- The Bacteria -- Phytoplankton -- The Planktonic Food Web -- Mechanisms of Filter Feeding -- Plankton, Particulates, and Model Ecosystems -- Wild Ecosystem Restoration -- References -- CHAPTER 18 Detritus and Detritivores: The Dynamics of Muddy Bottoms -- The Deep Ocean -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Protozoa -- Meiobenthos: Protozoans -- Meiofauna: The Multicellular Invertebrates -- Macrobenthos -- Deposit Feeding in Saltwater Soft Bottoms -- Deposit Feeding in Freshwater Soft Bottoms -- Carnivores and the Detritivore Community -- Detritus and Its Role in Model Ecosystems -- References -- CHAPTER 19 Symbionts and Other Feeders -- Zooxanthellae and Their Animal Hosts -- Biology and Ecology of Corals.

The Positive Feedback Loop between Photosynthesis and Calcification -- Anthozoans and Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Aquaria -- Parasitism -- Environment, General Health, and Disease -- Biodiversity -- Quarantine (Prevention of Transmission) -- Disease Treatment in Model Ecosystems -- References -- PART IV: ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN MICROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, AND AQUARIA -- CHAPTER 20 Models of Coral Reef Ecosystems -- Modeling Coral Reef Ecosystems -- Caribbean Coral Reef Microcosm at the Museum of Natural History -- Coral Reef Microcosm at the Smithsonian Marine Station -- Great Barrier Reef Mesocosm -- A 130-Gallon Reef Microcosm -- Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 21 A Subarctic/Boreal Microcosm: Test of a Biogeographic Model -- The Rocky, Embayed Coast of the Northwestern Atlantic Geological History -- The Gulf of Maine -- The Core Subarctic -- Core Subarctic vs Mixed Subarctic/Boreal -- A Maine Shore Microcosm -- An Opportunity to Test Biogeographic Theory -- References -- CHAPTER 22 Estuaries: Ecosystem Modeling and Restoration -- Where Fresh and Salt Waters Interact -- Chesapeake Bay in Mesocosm -- A Florida Estuary in Mesocosm -- Nutrient Dynamics in Estuarine Models -- Estuarine Restoration -- References -- CHAPTER 23 Freshwater Ecosystem Models -- A Florida Everglades Stream and Wetland -- A Blackwater Home Aquarium -- Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems -- References -- PART V: THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING -- CHAPTER 24 Organisms and Natural Products: Commercial Ecosystem Culture -- The Aquarium World -- Pharmaceutical Culture -- References -- CHAPTER 25 Large Scale: Water Quality Management with Solar Energy Capture -- The Quality of US Surface and Ground Waters -- Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewaters -- Nutrient Removal from Agricultural Wastewaters (Nonpoint Source) -- Nutrient Removal from Rivers.

Bioenergy and Solar Energy Recovery Using ATS Systems -- Aquacultural Wastewaters -- Industrial Wastewaters and ATS Systems -- References -- PART VI: SUMMARY -- CHAPTER 26 Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Macrocosms: Building and Restoring Ecosystems, a Synthesis -- Principles of Ecological Modeling -- Ecosystems in Home Aquaria -- Applied Model Ecosystems -- References -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- COLOR PLATES.