Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMATERIALS -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Biomaterials -- 1.2.1 Polymers -- 1.2.2 Silicone Biomaterials -- 1.2.3 Metals -- 1.2.4 Ceramics -- 1.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics -- 1.3 Summary -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 2 TISSUE INTERACTION WITH BIOMATERIALS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Protein Adsorption and Cell Adhesion -- 2.2.1 Cell Adhesion -- 2.3 Cell Migration -- 2.4 Controlled Cell Deposition -- 2.4.1 Hydrophobicity -- 2.4.2 Material Chemistry and Surface Charge -- 2.4.3 Surface Topography and Roughness -- 2.5 Extracellular Matrix -- 2.6 Biomineralization -- 2.6.1 Inorganic Structure of Life -- 2.6.2 The Major Groups of Biominerals -- 2.6.3 Types of Biomineralization -- 2.6.4 Biomineral Types and Functions -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 3 HOST RESPONSE OF IMPLANTED BIOMATERIALS -- 3.1 Immune Response to Implanted Biomaterials -- 3.1.1 Introduction -- 3.1.2 Activation of the Immune System -- 3.1.3 Cells of the Immune System -- 3.1.4 Antibodies -- 3.1.5 Antigens -- 3.1.6 Antigen Processing and Presentation -- 3.2 Transplant Immunology -- 3.3 Biocompatibility -- 3.3.1 Definition -- 3.3.2 In vitro and in vivo Tests -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE MODIFICATION -- 4.1 Preamble -- 4.2 Introduction -- 4.3 Surface Properties of Biomaterials -- 4.3.1 Protein Adsorption -- 4.3.2 Cell Adhesion Ability -- 4.3.3 Biocompatibility -- 4.3.4 Biomimetics -- 4.3.5 Biodegradation -- 4.3.6 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces -- 4.4 Surface Modifications -- 4.4.1 Objectives of Surface Modification of Biomaterials -- 4.4.2 Methods of Surface Modifications -- 4.5 Applications -- Questions -- References.

Chapter 5 MULTI-LENGTH SCALE HIERARCHY IN NATURAL MATERIALS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Multi-Length-Scale Hierarchy -- 5.3 Human Bone -- 5.4 Turtle Shell -- 5.5 Wood -- 5.6 Silk -- 5.7 Nacre -- 5.8 Gecko-Feet -- 5.8.1 Synthesis of Gecko-Foot-Like Adhesives -- 5.9 Lotus Leaf -- 5.9.1 Mimicking Lotus Leaf Structure -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 6 SUPERHYDROPHOBIC SURFACES -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity in Nature -- 6.3 Classification of Surfaces -- 6.3.1 Learning from Nature -- 6.3.2 Role of Chemical Composition and Two-Level Roughness -- 6.3.3 Mechanical Aspects of Surfaces -- 6.4 Mechanics and Nature of Wetting -- 6.5 Fabrication of Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 6.5.1 Soft Lithographic Imprinting -- 6.5.2 Plasma Treatment -- 6.5.3 Sol-Gel Technique -- 6.5.4 Combination Based on Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 6.5.5 Electrospinning -- 6.6 Preparation of Metallic Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 6.7 Controlled Wettability Surfaces (CWS) -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 7 SURFACE ENGINEERING AND MODIFICATION FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.1 Corrosion of Biomaterials and Need for Surface Coating for Biomedical Applications -- 7.2 Surface Reactivity and Body Cell Response -- 7.3 Key Requirements of Surface Coating -- 7.3.1 Surface Roughness -- 7.3.2 Porosity -- 7.3.3 Cell Adhesion and Growth -- 7.3.4 Contamination/Leaching -- 7.3.5 Coating Thickness and Microstructure -- 7.3.6 Corrosion Resistance -- 7.4 Key Biomaterial Substrates -- 7.5 Surface Preparation and Cleaning Techniques -- 7.5.1 Surface Preparation -- 7.5.2 Cleaning Techniques -- 7.6 Surface Engineering and Coating Techniques -- 7.6.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 7.6.2 Physical Vapor Deposition -- 7.6.3 Sol Gel -- 7.6.4 Dip Coatings -- 7.6.5 Electrolytic Deposition.

7.6.6 Laser Surface Modification -- 7.6.7 Plasma Spraying -- 7.6.8 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel -- 7.6.9 Cold Spraying -- 7.6.10 Texturing -- 7.7 Coatings for Biomedical Applications -- 7.7.1 Orthopedic -- 7.7.2 Dental -- 7.7.3 Cardiac-Assist Devices -- 7.7.4 Drug Delivery -- 7.7.5 Extracorporeal Tubing and Catheters -- 7.8 Biosurface Characterization -- 7.8.1 Optical and SEM for Coating and Cell Morphology -- 7.8.2 EDS and XPS for Surface Chemistry -- 7.8.3 AFM for Surface Topography -- 7.8.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 7.8.5 Nanoindentation for Surface Mechanical Properties -- Questions for Self-Analysis -- References -- Chapter 8 LASER ENGINEERING OF SURFACE STRUCTURES -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Laser Processing of Biomaterials -- 8.3 Laser-Based Prototyping Methods -- 8.4 Ultrafast Laser Pulses -- 8.5 Neural Implants -- 8.6 Ophthalmic Implants -- 8.7 Laser Fabrication of Cardiovascular Devices -- 8.8 Laser-Fabricated Nanoscale Materials -- 8.9 Two-Photon Polymerization -- 8.10 Microneedle Fabrication -- 8.11 Conclusions -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 9 PROCESSING AND NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYAPATITE-NANOTUBE BIOCOMPOSITE -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Processing of HA-Carbon Nanotube Composites -- 9.2.1 HA-Nanotube Coatings -- 9.2.2 Free Standing HA-Nanotube Composites -- 9.3 Fracture Toughness and Tribological Properties of HA-Carbon Nanotube Composites -- 9.3.1 Fracture Toughness of HA-CNT Composite -- 9.3.2 Tribological Behavior of HA-CNT Composite -- 9.4 Adhesion of Bone-Forming Cells on HA-CNT Surface -- 9.4.1 Nano-Scratch Technique for Measuring Adhesion of Cells -- 9.4.2 Effect of CNT on Adhesion of Bone Cells -- 9.5 Biomechanical Compatibility at Bone/Coated Implant Interface -- 9.6 HA-Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT) Composites -- 9.7 HA-TiO2 Nanotube Composites -- Summary -- Questions -- References.

Chapter 10 APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS -- 10.1 Multi-Scale Hierarchy in Natural Bone -- 10.1.1 Hydroxyapatite -- 10.1.2 Collagen Triple Helix -- 10.1.3 HAp Collagen Organization -- 10.1.4 Lamellae Structure -- 10.1.5 Multi-Functionality of Bone -- 10.2 Coronary Stents -- 10.3 Medical Devices -- 10.3.1 Surgical Devices -- 10.3.2 Scaffolds -- 10.3.3 Prosthesis -- 10.4 Drug Delivery -- 10.4.1 Routes of Drug Delivery -- 10.4.2 Application of Nanotechnology and Surface functionalization in Drug Delivery -- Questions -- References -- Chapter 11 NANOSAFETY, NANOSOCIETAL, AND NANOETHICAL ISSUES -- 11.1 Governmental Environment and Health Safety Organisation Protocols -- 11.2 Related Safety Hazards -- 11.3 Approach to Developing Safety Protocol for Laboratory Environment -- 11.3.1 Required Information to Assess Health Risk Associated with Nanomaterials -- 11.3.2 Controls -- 11.4 Tendency of Nanoparticles -- 11.5 Current Capability of Nanoparticle Filters -- 11.5.1 Hazards of Nanoparticles and Corresponding Remedies -- 11.5.2 Safety Measures and Recommendations -- References -- A1 PHYSICAL, THERMAL, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS -- A1.1 Physical Properties -- A1.1.1 Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight -- A1.1.2 Polymer Crystallinity: Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers -- A1.2 Thermal Properties of Polymers -- A1.2.1 Melting Point and Glass Transition Temperature -- A1.2.2 Mechanical Properties -- A2 CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF METALS -- Index -- End User License Agreement.