Front Cover -- Functional and Dysfunctional Sexual Behavior -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 On the purpose of sex and some notes on scientific explanations -- 1 On the definition of sexual behavior -- 2 The relationship between biological function and the causation of behavior -- 2.1 Teleology -- 2.2 Cause-effect relationships -- 3 The coincidence between Darwinian and Judæo-Christian views on human sexual behavior -- 3.1 The biological analysis of sexual behavior in the context of evolution and natural selection -- 3.2 Saint Augustine and sex: the poena reciproca and the role of love -- 4 If sex is not for reproduction, what is it for? -- 5 The high cost of the imposed association between sexual behavior and reproduction -- 6 Differences and similarities between sex and other primary needs like food and drink -- Chapter 2 An incentive motivational framework and the description of sexual behaviors -- 1 Sexual motivation: theoretical framework -- 2 Copulatory behaviors -- 2.1 On the importance of the distinction between approach behaviors and the execution of copulatory reflexes -- 2.2 Male copulatory behavior -- 2.3 Female copulatory behavior -- 2.4 Copulatory behavior in men and women -- 2.5 The relationship between sexual desire (motivation) and excitation (arousal) -- Chapter 3 The stimulus control of sexual incentive motivation: non-human mammals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Detection of a potential mate and the activation of sexual incentive motivation: behavioral considerations -- 2.1 The incentive stimulus -- 2.2 Auditory sexual incentive stimuli in rats and mice -- 2.3 Conclusions concerning auditory sexual incentive stimuli (ultrasonic vocalizations) in rodents -- 3 Olfactory sexual incentive stimuli -- 3.1 The accessory olfactory system -- 3.2 The main olfactory system.

3.3 Other potentially chemosensitive structures in the nose -- 4 Visual incentive stimuli -- 5 General conclusion concerning sexual incentive stimuli in non-human animals -- Chapter 4 The stimulus control of sexual incentive motivation: the human -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Human sexual incentive stimuli: visceral reactions -- 2.1 General comments -- 2.2 Endocrine responses to sexual incentives -- 2.3 Enhanced genital blood flow -- 3 Human sexual incentive stimuli: approach behaviors -- 3.1 Visual incentive stimuli -- 3.2 Chemicals as human sexual incentives -- 4 Human sexual incentives outside of the laboratory -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Dorothy Tennov's concept of limerence as an approximation to sexual incentive motivation -- 4.3 Human sexual incentives and social learning -- 5 An unkind note on sociobiology or evolutionary psychology -- Chapter 5 Endocrine control of sexual behavior -- 1 Males -- 1.1 The importance of testicular hormones in men -- 1.2 The importance of testicular hormones in non-human males -- 1.3 The role of testosterone metabolites in non-human males -- 1.4 The role of aromatization in men -- 1.5 Conclusion concerning the role of aromatization -- 1.6 Studies on knockout mice -- 1.7 Studies on men with spontaneous gene deletions -- 1.8 Conclusions concerning the hormonal control of male sexual behavior -- 2 Females -- 2.1 The role of ovarian hormones in non-primate female mammals -- 2.2 The role of ovarian and adrenal hormones in female primates -- 2.3 Hormones and sexual behavior in women -- 2.4 Variations in women's sexual behavior during the menstrual cycle -- 2.5 Changes in women's sexual behavior at menopause -- 2.6 The role of androgens in women -- 3 General conclusion -- Chapter 6 Neural control of sexual behavior -- 1 The male -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The medial preoptic area: motivation or execution.

1.3 A note on lordosis in male rats and the influence of the medial preoptic area and of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus -- 1.4 The potential role of the prefrontal cortex -- 1.5 Effects of other brain lesions on male sexual behavior -- 1.6 A comment on the importance of lesion size -- 1.7 Indirect estimations of nervous activity in association with sexual behavior -- 2 The female -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus -- 2.3 The preoptic area -- 2.4 On the importance of other brain sites inferred from studies of copulation-induced brain activation -- 2.5 Conclusion concerning the neural control of female sexual behavior in non-human mammals -- 2.6 A reciprocal inhibitory relationship between the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the preoptic area: neural circuits forming the basis for the bisexual potential -- 2.7 Central nervous control of sexual behavior in the human female -- 3 General conclusion -- Chapter 7 Learning and sex: Sexual activity as reinforcement and reward -- 1 An ultrashort introduction to the principles of learning -- 2 Habituation of sexual responses -- 2.1 Studies in non-human mammals -- 2.2 Studies in humans -- 2.3 A note on habituation in long-term relationships -- 3 Sensitization of sexual responses -- 4 Classical conditioning of sexual responses -- 4.1 Non-human studies -- 4.2 Human studies -- 5 Sexual activity as reinforcement for operant learning -- 5.1 Studies in non-human mammals -- 5.2 Studies in humans -- 6 Social learning of sexual responses -- 7 Conclusions regarding sexual responses and learning -- 8 The sexual reward -- 8.1 The positive affect: behavioral data -- 8.2 The positive affect: neurotransmitters -- 9 General conclusion -- Chapter 8 Preference for same sex partners: Basic concepts and its occurrence in non-human mammals -- 1 Concepts.

1.1 The concept of preference -- 1.2 The concept of homosexual behavior: a source of much confusion -- 1.3 Another confusing concept: sexually dimorphic behaviors -- 1.4 Preferences for sexual motor patterns -- 1.5 Beyond dimorphisms and homosexual behaviors -- 2 Preference for a particular sex: non-human mammals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Studies in intact mammals -- 2.3 Search for experimentally induced same-sex preferences -- 2.4 Endocrine events during puberty and their possible importance for sexual preferences -- Chapter 9 Preference for same sex partners in the human -- 1 The search for a biological foundation for preferences for the same sex -- 1.1 The homosexual gene -- 1.2 The homosexual brain -- 1.3 The homosexual scalp and hand -- 2 Preference versus orientation: the role of will and other issues -- 3 Acceptability of same-sex behaviors and the role of willfulness -- 4 Problems with the use of the concept of homosexuality and the category of homosexual in scientific research -- 4.1 Uncertainties associated with classification and the notion of stability -- 4.2 Homosexual behaviors: a lesson from history and some observational data pertinent to the issues of classification and stability -- 5 Sexual preferences can be explained by incentive motivation theory without any reference to the concept of homosexuality -- 6 Empirical support for an explanation of same-sex preferences in incentive motivational terms -- 7 The human is not simply another mammal -- 8 A note on homosexual identity -- Chapter 10 Some comments on the concepts of 'normal' or 'functional' sexual behavior -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The notion of normal versus abnormal -- 3 Sexual function and dysfunction -- 4 A short note on non-human mammals -- Chapter 11 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diagnostic criteria -- 3 Epidemiology -- 4 Etiology -- 4.1 General.

4.2 An incentive motivation/learning account of the origin of hypoactive sexual desire disorder -- 4.3 Some rat data supporting the incentive motivation/learning model and a note on the relationship between desire and motivation -- 4.4 Potential endocrine causes of hypoactive sexual desire disorder -- 4.5 Other potential causes -- 4.6 A curious observation of some consequence -- 4.7 Conclusion -- 5 Treatment -- 5.1 Psychotherapeutic procedures -- 5.2 Pharmacological treatments -- 6 General conclusion concerning hypoactive sexual desire disorder -- Chapter 12 Hyperactive sexual desire and the paraphilias -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hyperactive sexual desire -- 2.1 The search for diagnostic criteria -- 2.2 A proposal for diagnostic criteria -- 2.3 Epidemiology and etiology -- 2.4 Treatment -- 3 The paraphilias -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Exhibitionism -- 3.3 Fetishism -- 3.4 Pedophilia -- 4 General conclusion -- Chapter 13 On the omissions -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.