SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I: Satellite Technology -- 1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications -- 1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum -- 1.2 What is a Satellite? -- 1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites -- 1.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets -- 1.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites -- 1.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration - Early Developments -- 1.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes -- 1.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites -- 1.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems -- 1.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems -- 1.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress -- 1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles -- 1.5 Future Trends -- 1.5.1 Communication Satellites -- 1.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites -- 1.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites -- 1.5.4 Navigational Satellites -- 1.5.5 Military Satellites -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 2 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories -- 2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory -- 2.2 Orbiting Satellites - Basic Principles -- 2.2.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation -- 2.2.2 Newton's Second Law of Motion -- 2.2.3 Kepler's Laws -- 2.3 Orbital Parameters -- 2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories -- 2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits -- 2.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane -- 2.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit -- 2.5.3 Distance from Earth -- 2.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 3 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations -- 3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit -- 3.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit -- 3.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters -- 3.2 Launch Sequence -- 3.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence -- 3.2.2 Launch Vehicles -- 3.3 Orbital Perturbations.

3.4 Satellite Stabilization -- 3.4.1 Spin Stabilization -- 3.4.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization -- 3.4.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites -- 3.4.4 Station Keeping -- 3.5 Orbital Effects on Satellite's Performance -- 3.5.1 Doppler Shift -- 3.5.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance -- 3.5.3 Solar Eclipse -- 3.5.4 Sun Transit Outrage -- 3.6 Eclipses -- 3.7 Look Angles of a Satellite -- 3.7.1 Azimuth Angle -- 3.7.2 Elevation Angle -- 3.7.3 Computing the Slant Range -- 3.7.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites -- 3.8 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks -- 3.8.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area -- 3.8.2 Satellite Ground Tracks -- 3.8.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 4 Satellite Hardware -- 4.1 Satellite Subsystems -- 4.2 Mechanical Structure -- 4.2.1 Design Considerations -- 4.2.2 Typical Structure -- 4.3 Propulsion Subsystem -- 4.3.1 Basic Principle -- 4.3.2 Types of Propulsion System -- 4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem -- 4.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium -- 4.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer -- 4.4.3 Types of Thermal Control -- 4.5 Power Supply Subsystem -- 4.5.1 Types of Power System -- 4.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems -- 4.5.3 Batteries -- 4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control -- 4.6.1 Attitude Control -- 4.6.2 Orbit Control -- 4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem -- 4.8 Payload -- 4.9 Antenna Subsystem -- 4.9.1 Antenna Parameters -- 4.9.2 Types of Antennas -- 4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability -- 4.10.1 Space Qualification -- 4.10.2 Reliability -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 5 Communication Techniques -- 5.1 Types of Information Signals -- 5.1.1 Voice Signals -- 5.1.2 Data Signals -- 5.1.3 Video Signals -- 5.2 Amplitude Modulation -- 5.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal -- 5.2.2 Power in the AM Signal.

5.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal -- 5.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation -- 5.3 Frequency Modulation -- 5.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal -- 5.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM -- 5.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal -- 5.3.4 Generation of FM Signals -- 5.3.5 Detection of FM Signals -- 5.4 Pulse Communication Systems -- 5.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems -- 5.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems -- 5.5 Sampling Theorem -- 5.6 Shannon-Hartley Theorem -- 5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques -- 5.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) -- 5.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) -- 5.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) -- 5.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) -- 5.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) -- 5.7.6 Offset QPSK -- 5.8 Multiplexing Techniques -- 5.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing -- 5.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 6 Multiple Access Techniques -- 6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques -- 6.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes -- 6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) -- 6.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA -- 6.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA -- 6.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio -- 6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems -- 6.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System -- 6.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System -- 6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems -- 6.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System -- 6.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System -- 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) -- 6.6 TDMA Frame Structure -- 6.6.1 Reference Burst -- 6.6.2 Traffic Burst -- 6.6.3 Guard Time -- 6.7 TDMA Burst Structure -- 6.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence -- 6.7.2 Unique Word -- 6.7.3 Signalling Channel -- 6.7.4 Traffic Information -- 6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability -- 6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency -- 6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic -- 6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization -- 6.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames.

6.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts -- 6.11.3 Frame Synchronization -- 6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA -- 6.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA -- 6.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA -- 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) -- 6.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception -- 6.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System -- 6.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System -- 6.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems -- 6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) -- 6.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA -- 6.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System -- 6.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System -- 6.14.4 SDMA/CDMA System -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 7 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals -- 7.1 Transmission Equation -- 7.2 Satellite Link Parameters -- 7.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency -- 7.2.2 Propagation Considerations -- 7.2.3 Noise Considerations -- 7.2.4 Interference-related Problems -- 7.3 Frequency Considerations -- 7.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination -- 7.4 Propagation Considerations -- 7.4.1 Free-space Loss -- 7.4.2 Gaseous Absorption -- 7.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain -- 7.4.4 Cloud Attenuation -- 7.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction -- 7.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects -- 7.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals -- 7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects -- 7.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques -- 7.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques -- 7.6 Noise Considerations -- 7.6.1 Thermal Noise -- 7.6.2 Noise Figure -- 7.6.3 Noise Temperature -- 7.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages -- 7.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature -- 7.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature -- 7.7 Interference-related Problems -- 7.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion -- 7.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links -- 7.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites -- 7.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference -- 7.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference.

7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio -- 7.9 Link Design -- 7.9.1 Link Design Procedure -- 7.9.2 Link Budget -- Further Reading -- Glossary -- 8 Earth Station -- 8.1 Earth Station -- 8.2 Types of Earth Station -- 8.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station -- 8.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations -- 8.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations -- 8.2.4 Single Function Stations -- 8.2.5 Gateway Stations -- 8.2.6 Teleports -- 8.3 Earth Station Architecture -- 8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations -- 8.4.1 Key Performance Parametres -- 8.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization -- 8.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations -- 8.5 Earth Station Testing -- 8.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing -- 8.5.2 System Level Testing -- 8.6 Earth Station Hardware -- 8.6.1 RF Equipment -- 8.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment -- 8.6.3 Terrestrial Interface -- 8.7 Satellite Tracking -- 8.7.1 Satellite Tracking System - Block Diagram -- 8.7.2 Tracking Techniques -- 8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations -- 8.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station -- 8.8.2 Madley Communications Centre -- 8.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex -- 8.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex -- 8.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex -- 8.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station -- 8.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station -- 8.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station -- 8.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations -- Glossary -- Part II: Satellite Applications -- 9 Communication Satellites -- 9.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites -- 9.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites -- 9.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems -- 9.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems -- 9.3 Frequency Bands -- 9.4 Payloads -- 9.4.1 Types of Transponders -- 9.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters.

9.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks.