Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Material and methods for the Correlative Approach -- 2.1 Collection, selection, and processing of data -- 2.2 Sampling, measurement and analysis methods -- 3. Material and methods for the Modelling Approach -- 3.1 Description of the models applied in the Modelling Approach -- 3.2 Methodology for the application of process-based models to analyse changes in European forest growth -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Historical development of nutrition and climate and their relationships with tree growth for three European tree species -- 4.2 Temporal trends and spatial patterns of height growth changes in relation to changes in air temperature and precipitation, and in relation to levels of foliar nitrogen and nitrogen deposition -- 4.3 Short-, medium-, and long-term variation in radial growth, and the role of changes in the climatic water balance for the growth of three tree species in Europe -- 4.4 Evaluation of past and future changes in European forest growth by means of four process-based models -- 5. Combined Approach -- 5.1 A comparison of empirical and process-based modelling methods for analysing changes in European forest growth -- 5.2 Analysis of the relative importance of nutrients, climatic factors, and CO₂ as causes of observed changes in growth -- 5.3 Analysis of the long-term consequences for sustainability of observed growth changes of the European forests -- 5.4 Implications and consequences -- 6. Conclusions.