The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction: Thoughts on Modern Human Origins: From 1984 to 2012 -- Origins of Modern Humans (1984) -- A Perspective from a Student (JCMA) -- A Perspective from an Editor (FHS) -- New Data and Directions on the Heels of 1984 -- History -- Origins of Modern Humans (2012) -- Genetics and Genomics -- Acknowledgements -- Works Cited -- 1 Africa: The Cradle of Modern People -- Homo erectus -- KNM-ER 42700 -- KNM-OL 45500 -- Gona Pelvis -- The Transition to Homo heidelbergensis or "Archaic Homo sapiens" -- Bodo -- Saldanha -- Kabwe -- Ndutu -- Baringo Kapthurin -- Berg Aukas -- Hoedjiespunt -- Late Archaic/Transitional Specimens -- Florisbad -- Eliye Springs (KNM-ES 11693) -- KNM-ER 3884 -- KNM-ER 999 -- Ngaloba (Laetoli 18) -- Eyasi Remains -- Omo II -- Jebel Irhoud Remains -- Earliest Modern Humans -- Omo I -- Herto -- Singa -- Aduma -- Klasies River (Klasies River Mouth) -- Hominins from the Late MSA or Early LSA -- Hofmeyr -- Mumbwa -- Mumba -- Porc-Épic (Diré-Dawa) -- Taramsa Hill -- Nazlet Khater -- Dar-es-Soltane II -- Haua Fteah -- Hominins Formerly Thought to Date to the MSA -- Fish Hoek 1 -- Tuinplaas -- Emergence of Distinctive Regional Groups in Africa -- The Climatic Background -- Speciation -- Acknowledgments -- Works Cited -- 2 Crossroads of the Old World: Late Hominin Evolution in Western Asia -- Late Pleistocene Western Asia: Anatomical and Taxonomic Variability -- Middle Pleistocene Homo in Western Asia -- West-Central Asia -- Body Size and Shape -- Locomotion -- Birthing -- Manipulation -- Craniofacial Form -- Trauma and Behavioral Inferences -- Burials -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Works Cited -- 3 A River Runs through It: Modern Human Origins in East Asia -- Recently Discovered or Described Human Fossils from East Asia.

Yunxian (Quyuan River Mouth) -- Nanjing -- Jinniushan -- Dali -- Chaoxian -- Dadong -- Zhirendong -- Tianyuan Cave -- Liujiang -- Laishui -- Longlin Cave and Maludong -- Huanglong Cave -- Jingchuan -- Salkhit -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Archaeological Record in East Asia -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- Works Cited -- 4 Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Australians -- Introduction -- Birdsell and the Trihybrid model -- Thorne and the Dihybrid Model -- Single Population Model -- Multiple Migrations? -- Evidence for Javan Ancestry in Ancient Australians? -- Notes on WLH 50 -- Genetic Evidence for the Colonization of Australia -- The "Hobbit" -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Works Cited -- 5 Modern Human Origins in Central Europe -- Introduction and a Short Historical Background -- The Central European Neandertal Fossil Record -- Neandertal Fossils from Western Central Europe -- Ehringsdorf -- Kleine Feldhofer Grotte -- Zeeland Ridges -- Sarstedt -- Hohlenstein-Stadel -- Hunas -- Sesselfelsgrotte, Klausennische, and Untere Klause -- Warendorf-Neuwarendorf -- Ochtendung -- Neandertal Fossils from Eastern Central Europe -- Neandertal Fossils from Moravia -- Šal'a -- Suba-lyuk -- Krapina -- Vindija -- Mala Balanica -- Stajnia -- Neandertals of the Initial Upper Paleolithic? -- The Central European Fossil Record of the Earliest Modern Humans -- Pre-Gravettian Modern Human Fossils from Western Central Europe -- Gravettian Modern Human Fossils from Western Central Europe -- Pre-Gravettian Modern Human Fossils from Eastern Central Europe -- Mladeč -- Peştera cu Oase -- Cioclovina and Peştera Muierii -- La Adam, Bordu Mare, Peştera Mică, and Malu Roşu -- Bacho Kiro -- Görömby-Tapolca and Oblazowa -- Gravettian Modern Human Fossils from Eastern Central Europe -- Pavlovian Remains from Eastern Central Europe.

Willendorf-Kostienkian Remains from Eastern Central Europe -- Discussion -- Evidentiary Level -- Theoretical Level -- The Evolution of Modern Humans and the Evidence from Central Europe -- Typology of Biology and Culture -- Biological Variation -- Appearance of Modern Humans and the Disappearance of Neandertals -- Neandertal-Modern Admixture -- Assimilation in the Late Pleistocene of Central Europe -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Works Cited -- 6 The Makers of the Early Upper Paleolithic in Western Eurasia -- Introduction -- Revision of the Geological Age of EUP Human Remains -- Transitional Assemblages -- Proto-Aurignacian -- Early Aurignacian -- Later Aurignacian -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- Works Cited -- 7 Neandertal Craniofacial Growth and Development and Its Relevance for Modern Human Origins -- Introduction -- Neandertal and Modern Human Rates of Craniofacial Ontogeny -- Neandertal and Modern Human Rates of Shape Change -- Materials and Methods -- Neandertal Sample -- Modern Human Sample -- Pan troglodytes Sample -- Pan paniscus Sample -- Dental Aging -- Aging Neandertals and Modern Humans -- Aging Pan -- Capturing Linear Dimensions -- Craniofacial Variability within the Modern Human Sample -- Modeling Growth -- Piecewise Regression -- Multivariate Analyses -- Euclidean Distances between Adults and Infants on Principal Components Axes -- Results -- Neandertal and Modern Human Modeled Growth Trajectories -- Modeled Growth Trajectories for the Two Species of Pan -- Multivariate Analyses of the Calvarium -- Multivariate Analysis of Facial Dimensions -- Multivariate Analysis of Mandibular Dimensions -- Euclidean Distances between Adults and Infants -- Discussion -- Reconstruction of Life History Parameters in Neandertals.

Neandertal Postnatal Growth and the Emergence of Craniofacial Superstructures -- Conclusions -- Neandertal Postnatal Ontogeny and Modern Human Origins -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- Works Cited -- Energetics and the Origin of Modern Humans -- Energy, Reproduction, and Evolution -- Maintenance -- Body Size and Energy Expenditure -- Locomotor Energetics and Activity Energy Expenditure -- Production: Energy for Offspring Growth and Development -- Effects of Energy Throughput Differences on Archaic and Modern Human Anatomy -- Energetics and Reproduction: An Anatomically Modern Advantage? -- Conclusions -- Works Cited -- 9 Understanding Human Cranial Variation in Light of Modern Human Origins -- The Fossil Record: A Starting Point -- Genetic Variation in Living Humans -- Observation 1: Low Levels of Genetic Variation in Our Species -- Observation 2: Higher Genetic Variation in Africa -- Observation 3: Genetic Diversity Declines with Distance Out of Africa -- Observation 4: Low Levels of Differentiation among Geographic Regions -- Observation 5: A Strong Global Correlation between Genetics and Geography -- Implications for the Study of Human Cranial Variation -- Patterns of Cranial Variation in Living (and Recent) Human Populations -- Levels of Variation in Our Species -- Higher Phenotypic Variation in Africa -- Phenotypic Variation in Relation to Distance from Africa -- Low Levels of Phenotypic Differentiation -- The Correlation of Craniometric Distance with Genetic and Geographic Distance -- Implications for Human Evolution -- Works Cited -- 10 The Relevance of Archaic Genomes to Modern Human Origins -- Bottlenecks and Founder Effects in Late Pleistocene Humans -- Ancient Genomes as Tracers of Population History -- MSA Africans and Genetic Diversity -- What Made Humans Modern? -- Diminishing Returns -- Social Ecology and Technology -- Genetic Convergence.

Conclusion -- Works Cited -- 11 The Process of Modern Human Origins: The Evolutionary and Demographic Changes Giving Rise to Modern Humans -- Prologue -- Background -- Multiregional Evolution -- When Did Humans Become Modern? -- Introduction: What Does Modern Human Actually Mean? -- Modern Humans Are Not Simply or Uniquely the Descendents of Recent Africans -- Mixed Ancestry for Moderns -- Neandertals Are Us, and It Matters -- Modernity as a Process -- Anatomical Modernity -- Modern Anatomy and African Anatomy -- Is Early Modern Anatomy Modern? -- The Biological Origin of All Modern Populations Involves Mixture -- Behavioral Modernity -- What Is the Archaeological Evidence? -- A Focus on Processes: Was There a Human Revolution? -- "You say you want a revolution . . ." -- Modernity as a Demographic Process -- Genetic Modernity -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Works Cited -- 12 The Paleobiology of Modern Human Emergence -- Introduction -- The Later Twentieth Century Perspective -- The 1970s-1980s -- Changing Perspectives 1990s-2000s -- Chronology -- Population Processes -- Functional Anatomical Shifts -- Early Modern Human Paleobiology -- Stress and Survival -- Archeological Correlations -- Implications of Paleobiological Complexes -- Samples of Concern -- Populational Issues -- Locomotion and Landscape Use -- Locomotor Robusticity -- Lower Limb Abnormalities -- Human Energetic Issues -- Concerns with Energetics -- Subsistence Issues -- The Possible Role of Noses -- Manipulation -- Archeological Context -- Upper Limb Hypertrophy -- Anterior Dental Attrition -- Summary -- Stress and Survival -- Developmental Stress Indications -- Trauma -- Serious Abnormalities -- Dento-Alveolar Lesions -- Behavioral versus Anatomical "Modernity" -- Technology -- Burials -- Body Decoration -- Geometric and Representational Art -- Implications.

Life History Issues.