Front Cover -- LTE-Advanced: A Practical Systems Approach to Understanding the 3GPP LTE Releases 10 and 11 Radio Access Technologies -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Introduction to LTE-Advanced -- 1.1 Background on IMT-Advanced standards development -- 1.2 Requirements for the IMT-Advanced systems -- 1.3 Introduction to 3GPP standards -- 1.4 Evolution of 3GPP standards -- 1.5 A perspective on the future trends in cellular networks -- References -- ITU Recommendations and Reports -- 3GPP Specifications -- Articles -- 2 Network Architecture -- 2.1 Overall network architecture -- 2.1.1 General concepts -- 2.1.2 Evolution of the network architecture -- 2.2 EPC architecture -- 2.2.1 Reference model and network interfaces -- 2.2.2 Public land mobile network -- 2.2.3 Packet data network gateway -- 2.2.4 Serving gateway -- 2.2.5 Mobility management entity -- 2.2.6 Policy and charging rules function -- 2.2.7 Home subscriber server -- 2.2.8 Authorization, authentication, and accounting -- 2.2.9 EPC identifiers -- 2.3 Roaming architecture and interworking with other networks -- 2.4 E-UTRAN architecture -- 2.4.1 E-UTRAN functions -- 2.4.2 E-UTRAN interfaces -- 2.4.3 E-UTRAN identifiers -- 2.4.4 Support of HeNB in E-UTRAN -- 2.4.5 Support of RRHs in E-UTRAN -- 2.4.6 Support of relays in E-UTRAN -- 2.5 E-MBMS architecture -- 2.6 Positioning network architecture -- 2.7 Mobility management -- 2.8 Radio resource management -- 2.9 Quality of service/quality of experience -- 2.10 Security in E-UTRAN -- 2.11 Support of voice and messaging services in LTE/LTE-Advanced -- 2.11.1 IMS architecture -- 2.11.2 Single radio voice call continuity -- 2.11.3 Voice over LTE -- 2.11.4 Circuit-switched fallback -- 2.12 LIPA, selected IP traffic offload, and IP flow mobility -- 2.12.1 Local IP access.

2.12.2 Selected IP traffic offload -- 2.12.3 IP flow mobility -- 2.12.4 Wi-Fi offloading -- 2.13 Mobile IP -- 2.13.1 Client-based IP mobility -- 2.13.2 Network-based IP mobility -- 2.14 Network architecture evolution and small cells -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- 3GPP2 Specifications -- IETF Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 3 E-UTRAN and EPC Protocol Structure -- 3.1 EPS reference model and protocol structure -- 3.1.1 Functional split between E-UTRAN and EPC -- 3.1.2 Protocol stack for S1 user-plane -- 3.1.3 Protocol stack for S1 control-plane -- 3.1.4 Protocol stack for S5/S8 interface -- 3.1.5 Protocol stack for S11 interface -- 3.1.6 Protocol stack for X2 user-plane -- 3.1.7 Protocol stack for X2 control-plane -- 3.2 E-UTRAN and NAS protocols -- 3.3 LTE-Uu interface protocols -- 3.4 Support for relay nodes -- 3.5 Support for HeNB nodes -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- IETF Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 4 System Operation and UE States -- 4.1 General UE behavior -- 4.2 UE initialization procedure (cell search and cell selection) -- 4.3 EPS connection and mobility management -- 4.3.1 EPS mobility management -- 4.3.2 EPS connection management -- 4.4 UE states -- 4.4.1 Idle mode procedures -- 4.4.1.1 Tracking area update -- 4.4.1.2 Paging -- 4.4.1.3 Cell reselection -- 4.4.1.4 Idle mode DRX -- 4.4.2 Connected mode procedures -- 4.5 Network attach procedures -- 4.5.1 Random access procedure -- 4.5.2 RRC connection establishment, modification, and release -- 4.5.3 Service establishment and QoS -- 4.6 Data call establishment procedures -- 4.6.1 UE-originated data call procedure -- 4.6.2 UE-terminated data call procedure -- 4.7 Mobility procedures -- 4.7.1 Idle mode mobility procedures -- 4.7.2 Connected mode mobility procedures -- 4.7.3 HetNet mobility -- 4.7.4 S1-based handover procedure.

4.7.5 X2-based handover without S-GW change -- 4.7.6 X2-based handover with S-GW change -- 4.7.7 Inter-RAT mobility procedures -- 4.8 Overview of IP packet processing procedures -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- 3GPP2 Specifications -- IETF Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 5 Radio Resource Control Functions -- 5.1 RRC states and state transitions -- 5.1.1 RRC_CONNECTED state -- 5.1.2 RRC_IDLE state -- 5.2 RRC connection management -- 5.2.1 Signaling and data radio bearers -- 5.2.2 Quality of service control -- 5.3 RRC mobility management -- 5.3.1 Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED state -- 5.3.2 Mobility in RRC_IDLE state -- 5.3.3 Intra-RAT mobility and handover -- 5.3.4 Inter-RAT mobility and handover -- 5.4 Measurements and measurement reporting -- 5.5 RRC procedures -- 5.5.1 System information -- 5.5.2 Paging -- 5.5.3 PLMN and cell selection -- 5.5.4 Cell reselection -- 5.5.5 Radio link failure -- 5.6 RRC timers and constants -- 5.7 RRC message structure -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- 3GPP2 Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 6 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Functions -- 6.1 Ciphering and integrity protection functions -- 6.2 Header compression -- 6.3 Robust header compression -- 6.4 PDCP PDU packet formats -- 6.5 LTE security aspects -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- IETF Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 7 Radio Link Control Functions -- 7.1 RLC architecture -- 7.2 RLC transfer modes -- 7.2.1 Transparent mode -- 7.2.2 Unacknowledged mode -- 7.2.3 Acknowledged mode -- 7.3 RLC ARQ procedure -- 7.3.1 ARQ principles -- 7.3.2 ARQ operation -- 7.4 RLC PDU packet formats -- 7.4.1 Transparent mode PDU format -- 7.4.2 Unacknowledged mode PDU formats -- 7.4.3 Acknowledged mode PDU formats -- 7.4.4 Status PDU format -- 7.5 RLC variables, constants, and timers -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- Books -- Articles.

8 Medium Access Control Functions -- 8.1 MAC architecture and services -- 8.2 Logical and transport channel mapping -- 8.3 Downlink/uplink data transfer -- 8.3.1 HARQ principles -- 8.3.2 Downlink HARQ timing and signaling protocols -- 8.3.3 Uplink HARQ timing and signaling protocols -- 8.4 DRX operation -- 8.5 MAC control elements -- 8.5.1 Uplink timing advance control element -- 8.5.2 BSR control element -- 8.5.3 Power headroom control element -- 8.5.4 Extended power headroom control element -- 8.5.5 C-RNTI control element -- 8.5.6 Activation/deactivation control element -- 8.5.7 MCH scheduling information control element -- 8.5.8 UE contention resolution identity control element -- 8.6 MAC PDU packet formats -- 8.7 MAC scheduling services -- 8.7.1 Dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling -- 8.7.2 Proportional fair scheduling algorithm -- 8.8 RNTI mapping -- 8.9 Random access procedure -- 8.9.1 Contention-based RACH procedure -- 8.9.2 Contention-free RACH procedure -- References -- 3GPP Specifications -- Books -- Articles -- 9 Downlink Physical Layer Functions -- 9.1 Overview of downlink physical layer processing -- 9.2 Characteristics of wireless channels -- 9.3 LTE/LTE-Advanced operating frequencies and band classes -- 9.4 Principles of OFDM -- 9.4.1 Peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals -- 9.4.2 Effect of non-linearity on OFDM signals -- 9.4.3 Effect of carrier frequency offset on OFDM signals -- 9.4.4 Effect of oscillator phase noise on OFDM signals -- 9.5 Multiple access schemes -- 9.6 Duplex modes -- 9.7 Frame structure -- 9.7.1 Frame structure type 1 -- 9.7.2 Frame structure type 2 -- 9.7.3 MBSFN subframe structure -- 9.8 Resource structure, allocation, mapping -- 9.8.1 Physical and virtual resource blocks -- 9.8.2 Resource allocation -- 9.8.2.1 Resource allocation type 0 -- 9.8.2.2 Resource allocation type 1.

9.8.2.3 Resource allocation type 2 -- 9.8.2.4 PRB bundling -- 9.8.2.5 Resource element group -- 9.9 Time and frequency synchronization -- 9.9.1 Primary synchronization signals -- 9.9.2 Secondary synchronization signals -- 9.10 Downlink reference signals and channel estimation -- 9.10.1 Reference signal design criteria -- 9.10.2 Pilot-based channel estimation -- 9.10.3 Cell-specific reference signals -- 9.10.3.1 Received signal strength indicator measurement -- 9.10.3.2 Reference signal received power measurement -- 9.10.3.3 Reference signal received quality measurement -- 9.10.4 UE-Specific reference signals associated with PDSCH -- 9.10.5 CSI reference signals -- 9.10.6 Enhanced PDCCH demodulation reference signals -- 9.10.7 Positioning reference signals -- 9.10.8 MBSFN reference signals -- 9.10.9 Reference signal overhead calculation -- 9.11 Channel coding and modulation -- 9.11.1 Principles of convolutional coding -- 9.11.2 Principles of turbo coding -- 9.11.3 Baseband digital modulation schemes -- 9.11.4 Channel coding, multiplexing, and interleaving -- 9.12 Downlink physical channel processing -- 9.12.1 Physical control format indicator channel -- 9.12.2 Physical broadcast channel -- 9.12.3 Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel -- 9.12.4 Physical downlink control channel -- 9.12.4.1 PDCCH physical layer processing -- 9.12.4.2 DCI formats -- 9.12.4.3 Common and UE-specific search spaces and blind decoding -- 9.12.5 Enhanced PDCCH -- 9.12.6 Physical downlink shared channel -- 9.13 Principles of multi-antenna transmission -- 9.13.1 Capacity of MIMO channels -- 9.13.2 Instantaneous capacity, ergodic capacity, and outage capacity of MIMO systems -- 9.13.3 Spatial multiplexing and diversity -- 9.13.4 MIMO receivers -- 9.13.4.1 Maximum likelihood receiver -- 9.13.4.2 Successive interference cancelation receiver -- 9.13.4.3 Zero-forcing receiver.

9.13.4.4 Minimum mean square error receiver.