Cover -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Weights and Measures -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Overview -- Socioeconomic Background -- Energy Resources, Production, and Use -- Activities Not Using Energy -- GHG Emissions and Climate Trends -- 3 Methodology -- Assessing Technology and Resource Options for Energy-Using Activities -- Assessing Technology and Resource Options for Activities Not Using Energy -- GHG Abatement Cost Analysis -- Scenarios Used in the Study -- Related Project Activities -- Limitations of the Study -- 4 Options and Costs to Reduce GHG Emissions in 2005-2030 -- Energy-Using Activities -- Activities Not Using Energy -- Summary -- 5 Challenges and Enabling Conditions -- Challenges to Clean Technology Development -- Enabling Conditions and Policies for Promoting Low-Carbon Development -- 6 Conclusion and Way Forward -- Technology -- Policy -- Finance -- Appendixes -- 1 Country Summaries-GHG Emission Abatement Options and Costs in Energy-Using Activities and Key Sectors -- 2 Country Summaries-GHG Emission Abatement Options and Costs in Activities Not Using Energy -- References -- Tables -- 1 Selected Social and Economic Indicators of South Asian Countries -- 2 Biomass and Biogas Production Potential and Total Number of Biogas Plants Installed in South Asia -- 3 Theoretical and Economic Hydropower Potential in South Asia -- 4 Wind Power, Solar Power, and Coal Resources in South Asia -- 5 Structure of Total Primary Energy Supply in South Asia, 2005 and 2009 -- 6 Energy Indicators in South Asia, 2005 and 2009 -- 7 Structure of Installed Electricity Generation Capacity in South Asia, 2011 (MW) -- 8 Total Final Energy Consumption by Sector, South Asia, 2009 (%) -- 9 Annual Growth Rates of Selected Crops and Livestock, South Asia, 2000-2010 (%).

10 Selected Land-Use Indicators in South Asia, 2000 and 2010 -- 11 Forest Areas and Carbon Stock Biomass, South Asia -- 12 Total GHG Emissions in South Asia (million tons CO[sub(2)]e) -- 13 GHG Emission by Sector, South Asia, 1994 and 2000 (million tons CO[sub(2)]e) -- 14 GHG Emissions from Energy-Using Activities, South Asia (million tons CO[sub(2)]e) -- 15 Historical and Projected Climate Trends in South Asia -- 16 Data Inputs -- 17 Total Primary Energy Supply by Source under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (%) -- 18 Energy Intensity, South Asia (toe per 1,000 2005 PPP) -- 19 Share in Electricity Generation by Fuel Source under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (%) -- 20 Sector Energy Use in South Asia (PJ) -- 21 Sector Share in Total Final Energy Consumption under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (%) -- 22 Contributions to Total GHG Emissions of Energy-Using Sectors under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (%) -- 23 Local Pollutant Emission Reduction under the Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (Excluding India), 2020 and 2030 ('000 tons) -- 24 Total GHG Emissions at Selected Incremental Abatement Costs in 2020, South Asia (Excluding India) -- 25 Sector Shares in Total GHG Emission Abatement at Selected Incremental Abatement Costs, South Asia (Excluding India) (%) -- 26 Base Case Total GHG Emissions from Activities Not Using Energy, South Asia, 2005 and 2030 (million tons CO[sub(2)]e) -- 27 Total GHG Abatement Potential and Costs from Activities Not Using Energy, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2020 -- 28 Targets for Cleaner Technologies and Options in South Asia -- 29 Pipeline CDM Projects in South Asia as of June 2012 -- Figures -- 1 Overview of the MARKAL Framework -- 2 A Reference Energy System -- 3 GHG Abatement Cost Curve: An Illustration -- 4 Carbon Price Profile Under the Carbon Tax Scenario.

5 Total Primary Energy Supply in South Asia (Excluding India), 2005-2030 -- 6 Structure of Total Primary Energy Supply in South Asia (Excluding India), 2005 and 2030 -- 7 Electricity Generation in South Asia (Excluding India), 2005-2030 -- 8 Electricity Generation Share by Fuel Type in South Asia (Excluding India), 2005 and 2030 -- 9 Sector Share in Total Final Energy Consumption, South Asia (Excluding India), 2005-2030 -- 10 Sector GHG Emissions, South Asia (Excluding India), 2005-2030 -- 11 Sector Shares in GHG Emissions, South Asia (Excluding India), 2005 and 2030 -- 12 Primary Energy Supply under the Base Case and Carbon Tax in South Asia (Excluding India) -- 13 Electricity Generation under Base Case and Carbon Tax in South Asia (Excluding India) -- 14 Final Energy Consumption under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (Excluding India) -- 15 Sector GHG Emissions under Base Case and Carbon Tax, South Asia (Excluding India) -- 16 Total GHG Emissions from Activities Not Using Energy, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 17 Sector Share in Total GHG Emissions from Activities Not Using Energy (Except Forestry), South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005 and 2030 -- 18 Total GHG Emissions from Activities Not Using Energy (Excluding Forestry and Industrial Processes), India, 2005-2030 -- 19 Sector Share in Total GHG Emissions from Activities Not Using Energy (Excluding Forestry and Industrial Processes), India, 2005 and 2030 -- 20 Share in Total GHG Emissions of Agricultural Activities, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005 and 2030 -- 21 Shares in Total GHG Emissions of Agricultural Activities, South Asia (Excluding the Maldives), 2005 and 2030 -- 22 GHG Emissions from Livestock Raising, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030.

23 GHG Emissions from Livestock Raising, South Asia (Excluding the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 24 GHG Emissions from Crop Production-Related Activities, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 25 GHG Emissions from Crop Production-Related Activities, South Asia (Excluding the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 26 Greenhouse Gas Sink Capacity of the Forestry Sector, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Waste Disposal Sector, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 28 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Waste Disposal Sector, South Asia (Excluding the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 29 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industrial Processes, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005-2030 -- 30 Subsector Shares in Industrial Process-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions, South Asia (Excluding India and the Maldives), 2005 and 2030 -- 31 Barriers to Clean Technology Development in South Asia -- Boxes -- 1 Financing Barriers to Renewable Energy Projects in India -- 2 Generation-Based Incentives for Wind and Solar Power in India -- 3 Bachat Lamp Yojana in India -- 4 Solar Success in Gujarat, India -- 5 Potential Benefits of Transport Sector Electrification in Nepal -- 6 Bhutan's Dagachhu Hydropower Project-The First Cross-Border Clean Development Mechanism Project in the World -- 7 Success of the Grameen Shakti Solar Home System in Bangladesh.