Front Cover -- Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Refining Processes -- 1.2.1. Physical Separation Processes -- 1.2.1.1. Crude Distillation -- 1.2.1.2. Solvent Deasphalting -- 1.2.1.3. Solvent Extraction -- 1.2.1.4. Solvent Dewaxing -- 1.2.2. Chemical Catalytic Conversion Processes -- 1.2.2.1. Catalytic Reforming -- 1.2.2.2. Hydrotreating -- 1.2.2.3. Catalytic Hydrocracking -- 1.2.2.4. Catalytic Cracking -- 1.2.2.5. Alkylation -- 1.2.2.6. Isomerization -- 1.2.3. Thermal Chemical Conversion Processes -- 1.2.3.1. Delayed Coking -- 1.2.3.2. Flexicoking -- 1.2.3.3. Visbreaking -- 1.3. Refinery Configuration -- 1.3.1. Type of Products -- 1.3.2. Environmental Regulation -- 1.3.3. Crude Assay and Quality -- 1.3.4. Refinery-petrochemical Integration -- 1.3.5. Development of New Technology -- References -- Chapter 2: Refinery Feedstocks and Products -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Composition of Crude Oils -- 2.2.1. Paraffins -- 2.2.2. Olefins -- 2.2.3. Naphthenes (cycloalkanes) -- 2.2.4. Aromatics -- 2.2.5. Sulphur Compounds -- 2.2.6. Oxygen Compounds -- 2.2.7. Nitrogen Compounds -- 2.2.8. Metallic Compounds -- 2.2.9. Asphaltenes and Resins -- 2.3. Products Composition -- 2.3.1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) -- 2.3.2. Gasoline -- 2.3.3. Kerosene -- 2.3.4. Jet Fuel -- 2.3.5. Diesel Fuel -- 2.3.6. Fuel Oil -- 2.3.7. Residual Fuel Oil -- 2.3.8. Lube Oil -- 2.3.9. Asphalt -- 2.3.10. Petroleum Coke -- 2.4. Physical Property Characterization Data -- 2.4.1. Fractionation -- 2.4.2. True Boiling Point Distillation -- 2.4.3. ASTM Distillation -- 2.4.4. Simulated Distillation by Gas Chromatography -- 2.4.5. API Gravity -- 2.4.6. Pour Point -- 2.4.7. Viscosity -- 2.4.8. Refractive Index -- 2.4.9. Freezing Point -- 2.4.10. Aniline Point -- 2.4.11. Flash Point.

2.4.12. Octane Number -- 2.4.13. Cetane Number -- 2.4.14. Smoke Point -- 2.4.15. Reid Vapour Pressure -- 2.4.16. Water, Salt and Sediment -- 2.4.17. Molecular Weight -- 2.5. Chemical Analysis Data -- 2.5.1. Elemental Analysis -- 2.5.2. Carbon Residue -- 2.5.3. Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis -- 2.5.4. Hydrocarbon Family Analysis -- 2.5.5. Aromatic Carbon Content -- 2.5.6. SARA Analysis -- References -- Chapter 3: Thermophysical Properties of Petroleum Fractions and Crude Oils -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Basic Input Data -- 3.2.1. Specific Gravity -- 3.2.2. Boiling Point Curves -- 3.2.3. ASTM Distillation -- 3.2.4. True Boiling Point Distillation -- 3.2.5. Conversion between ASTM and TBP Distillation -- 3.3. Pseudo-Components -- 3.3.1. Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-components -- 3.3.2. Breakup of TBP Curve into Pseudo-componentsUsing Generalized Form -- 3.3.3. Calculation of Pseudo-components Specific Gravities -- 3.4. Thermophysical Properties Calculation -- 3.4.1. Molecular Weight -- 3.4.2. Viscosity -- 3.4.3. Refractive Index -- 3.4.4. Molecular Type Composition of Petroleum Fractions -- 3.4.5. Pseudo-critical Constants and Acentric Factors -- 3.4.5.1. Pseudo-critical Temperature -- 3.4.5.2. Pseudo-critical Pressure -- 3.4.5.3. Acentric Factor -- 3.4.6. Generalized Equation for Thermophysical Properties -- 3.5. Calculation of Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions -- 3.6. Estimation of Properties Related to Phase Changes -- 3.6.1. Cubic Equations of State -- 3.6.2. Vapour-liquid Equilibrium -- 3.7. Calculating Properties Utilizing UNISIM Software -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 4: Crude Distillation -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Process Description -- 4.3. Operation of Crude Distillation Units -- 4.3.1. Fractionation -- 4.3.1.1. Cut Points -- 4.3.1.2. Degree of Fractionation -- 4.3.2. Overflash -- 4.3.3. Column Pressure.

4.3.4. Overhead Temperature -- 4.3.5. Pre-flash Columns and Crude Column Capacity -- 4.4. Crude Oil Desalting -- 4.4.1. Types of Salts in Crude Oil -- 4.4.2. Desalting Process -- 4.4.3. Description of Desalter -- 4.4.4. Desalter Operating Variables -- 4.5. Vacuum Distillation -- 4.5.1. Process Description -- 4.6. Crude Distillation Material Balance -- 4.6.1. Crude Assay Data -- 4.6.2. Material Balance -- 4.6.3. Sulphur Material Balance -- 4.7. Design of Crude Distillation Units Using Process Simulators -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 5: Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Catalytic Reforming -- 5.2.1. Reformer Feed Characterization -- 5.2.2. Role of Reformer in the Refinery and Feed Preparation -- 5.2.3. Research Octane Number -- 5.2.4. Reforming Reactions -- 5.2.4.1. Naphthene Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanes -- 5.2.4.2. Paraffin Dehydrogenation -- 5.2.4.3. Dehydrocyclization -- 5.2.4.4. Isomerization -- 5.2.4.5. Hydrocracking Reactions -- 5.2.4.6. Coke Deposition -- 5.2.5. Thermodynamics of Reforming Reactions -- 5.2.6. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysts -- 5.2.7. Process Technology -- 5.2.7.1. Semi-regenerative Fixed Bed Process -- 5.2.7.2. Continuous Regenerative (moving bed) CCR PlatformingUOP Process -- 5.2.8. Material Balance in Reforming -- 5.2.8.1. Material Balance Using Emperical Correlations -- 5.2.8.2. Material Balance Using Conversion Criteria -- 5.2.9. Process Simulation of Reformer by Equilibrium Reactions -- 5.3. Isomerization of Light Naphtha -- 5.3.1. Thermodynamics of Isomerization -- 5.3.2. Isomerization Reactions -- 5.3.3. Isomerization Catalysts -- 5.3.3.1. Standard Isomerization Catalyst -- 5.3.3.2. Zeolite Catalyst -- 5.3.4. Isomerization Yields -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 6: Thermal Cracking and Coking -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Coke Formation.

6.3. Thermodynamics of Coking of Light Hydrocarbons -- 6.4. Visbreaking -- 6.4.1. Feed Sources -- 6.4.2. Visbreaking Reactions -- 6.4.3. Visbreaking Severity -- 6.4.4. Kinetics of Visbreaking -- 6.4.5. Product Yield and Properties -- 6.4.6. Prediction of Visbreaking Yields -- 6.4.7. Process Description -- 6.4.7.1. Coil Visbreaker -- 6.4.7.2. Soaker Visbreaker -- 6.5. Delayed Coking -- 6.5.1. Role of Delayed Coker -- 6.5.2. Process Description -- 6.5.3. Delayed Coking Variables -- 6.5.4. Types of Coke and their Properties -- 6.5.5. Coking and Decoking Operation -- 6.5.6. Delayed Coker Yield Prediction -- 6.5.7. Process Simulation of Delayed Coking -- 6.6. Fluid Coking -- 6.7. Flexicoking -- 6.7.1. Yield Correlations for Flexicoking -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydroconversion -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Hydrotreating -- 7.2.1. Objectives of Hydrotreating -- 7.2.2. Role of Hydrotreating -- 7.2.3. Chemistry of Hydrotreating -- 7.2.4. Hydrotreating Catalysts -- 7.2.5. Thermodynamics of Hydrotreating -- 7.2.6. Reaction Kinetics -- 7.2.7. Hydrotreating Processes -- 7.2.7.1. Naphtha Hydrotreating -- 7.2.7.2. Middle Distillates Hydrotreating -- 7.2.7.3. Atmospheric Residue Desulphurization -- 7.2.8. Make-up Hydrogen -- 7.2.9. Operating Conditions -- 7.2.10. Hydrotreating Correlations -- 7.2.10.1. Naphtha and Gas Oil Hydrotreating Correlations -- 7.2.10.2. Middle Distillate Hydrotreating Correlations -- 7.2.10.3. Atmospheric Residue Desulphurization (ARDS) -- 7.2.11. Simulation of ARDS Unit -- 7.3. Hydrocracking -- 7.3.1. Role of Hydrocracking in the Refinery -- 7.3.2. Feeds and Products -- 7.3.3. Hydrocracking Chemistry -- 7.3.4. Hydrocracking Catalysts -- 7.3.5. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrocracking -- 7.3.5.1. Thermodynamics -- 7.3.6. Hydrocracking Processes -- 7.3.7. Process Configuration -- 7.3.8. Hydrocracking Severity.

7.3.9. Catalytic Dewaxing -- 7.3.10. Hydrocracking Correlations -- 7.3.10.1. Yield Correlations -- 7.3.10.2. Maximum ATK Correlations -- 7.3.11. Simulation of Hydrocracking Units -- Question and Problems -- References -- Chapter 8: Fluidised Catalytic Cracking -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Role of FCC in the Refinery -- 8.3. Feedstock and Products -- 8.4. Fluidisation -- 8.5. FCC Reactions -- 8.5.1. Primary Reactions -- 8.5.2. Secondary Reactions -- 8.6. Thermodynamics of FCC Reactions -- 8.7. FCC Catalyst -- 8.7.1. Zeolite -- 8.7.2. Matrix -- 8.8. FCC Configuration -- 8.9. Process Description -- 8.10. Modes of Fluidisation in FCC unit -- 8.11. FCC Yield Correlations -- 8.12. Material and Energy Balances -- 8.12.1. Material Balance -- 8.12.1.1. Reactor Material Balance -- 8.12.1.2. Regenerator Material Balance -- 8.12.2. Energy Balance -- 8.12.2.1. Reactor Heat Balance -- 8.12.2.2. Regenerator Heat Balance -- 8.13. Kinetic Model for FCC Reactor -- 8.14. Concentration and Temperature Profiles in the Riser -- 8.15. Simulation of FCC unit -- 8.16. New Technology -- 8.16.1. Deep Catalytic Cracking -- 8.16.2. Catalytic Pyrolysis Process -- 8.16.3. Petro-FCC -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 9: Product Blending -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Reid Vapour Pressure Blending -- 9.3. Flash Point Blending -- 9.4. Pour Point Blending -- 9.5. Cloud Point Blending -- 9.6. Aniline Point Blending -- 9.7. Smoke Point Blending -- 9.8. Viscosity Blending -- 9.9. Gasoline Octane Number Blending -- 9.10. Linear Programming (LP) For Blending -- Questions and Problems -- References -- Chapter 10: Alkylation -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Role of Alkylation and Polymerization Units in the Refinery -- 10.3. Alkylation Processes -- 10.3.1. Sulphuric Acid Alkylation Process -- 10.3.2. Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation -- 10.3.3. Solid Catalyst Alkylation.

10.3.4. AlkyClean Process.