LTE-Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Acronyms -- Part I Background -- Chapter 1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements -- 1.2.1 Services -- 1.2.2 Spectrum -- 1.2.3 Technical Performance -- 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements -- 1.3.1 Requirements Related with Capacity -- 1.3.2 System Performance -- 1.3.3 Deployment -- 1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies -- 1.4.1 Carrier Aggregation -- 1.4.2 Advanced MIMO Techniques -- 1.4.3 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission or Reception -- 1.4.4 Relaying -- 1.4.5 Enhancements for Home eNodeBs -- 1.4.6 Machine-Type Communications -- 1.4.7 Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) -- 1.4.8 Improvements to Latency in the Control and User Plane -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles -- 2.1 Propagation Principles -- 2.1.1 Free-Space Propagation and Antenna Gain -- 2.1.2 Reflection and Transmission -- 2.1.3 Diffraction -- 2.1.4 Scattering -- 2.1.5 Waveguiding -- 2.1.6 Multipath Propagation -- 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions -- 2.2.1 Time Variant Impulse Response -- 2.2.2 Directional Description and MIMO Matrix -- 2.2.3 Polarization -- 2.2.4 Ultrawideband Description -- 2.3 Stochastic Channel Description -- 2.3.1 Pathloss and Shadowing -- 2.3.2 Small-Scale Fading -- 2.3.3 WSSUS -- 2.3.4 Extended WSSUS -- 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods -- 2.4.1 Deterministic Modeling -- 2.4.2 Modeling Hierarchies -- 2.4.3 Clustering -- 2.4.4 Stochastic Modeling -- 2.4.5 Geometry-Based Stochastic Models -- 2.4.6 Diffuse Multipath Components -- 2.4.7 Multi-Link Stochastic Models -- References -- Part II Radio Channels.

Chapter 3 Indoor Channels -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading -- 3.2.1 Indoor Large Scale Models -- 3.2.2 Summary of Indoor Large Scale Characteristics -- 3.2.3 Important Factors for Indoor Propagation -- 3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading -- 3.3.1 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model -- 3.3.2 Statistical Characteristics in Delay Domain -- 3.3.3 Statistical Parameter in Angular Domain -- 3.3.4 Cross-Polarization Discrimination (XPD) for Indoor Scenario -- 3.3.5 3-D Modeling for Indoor MIMO Channel -- 3.3.6 Impact of Elevation Angular Distribution -- References -- Chapter 4 Outdoor Channels -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reference Channel Model -- 4.3 Small Scale Variations -- 4.3.1 First Order Statistical Characterization -- 4.3.2 Second Order Statistical Characterization -- 4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations -- 4.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modelling Principles -- 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models -- 5.3.1 Path Loss Exponent Model -- 5.3.2 Path Loss Exponent Model with Mean Building Penetration Loss -- 5.3.3 Partition-Based Outdoor-to-Indoor Model -- 5.3.4 Path Loss Exponent Model with Building Penetration Loss -- 5.3.5 COST 231 Building Penetration Loss Model -- 5.3.6 Excess Path Loss Building Penetration Models -- 5.3.7 Extended COST 231 WI Building Penetration at the LOS Condition -- 5.3.8 WINNER II Outdoor-to-Indoor Path Loss Models -- 5.4 Deterministic Models -- 5.4.1 FDTD -- 5.4.2 Ray-Based Methods -- 5.4.3 Intelligent Ray Launching Algorithm (IRLA) -- 5.5 Hybrid Models -- 5.5.1 Antenna Radiation Pattern -- 5.5.2 Calibration -- 5.5.3 IRLA Case Study: INSA -- 5.5.4 IRLA Case Study: Xinghai -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Vehicular Channels -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements.

6.2.1 Channel Sounders -- 6.2.2 Vehicular Antennas -- 6.2.3 Vehicular Measurement Campaigns -- 6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization -- 6.3.1 Time-Variability of the Channel -- 6.3.2 Time-Varying Vehicular Channel Parameters -- 6.3.3 Empirical Results -- 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications -- 6.4.1 Channel Modeling Techniques -- 6.4.2 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Modeling -- 6.4.3 Low-Complexity Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model Simulation -- 6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques -- 6.5.1 OFDM Physical (PHY) and Medium Access -- 6.5.2 Relaying Techniques -- 6.5.3 Cooperative Coding and Distributed Sensing -- 6.5.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements -- 7.2.1 General Information About Measurements -- 7.2.2 Measurement Techniques -- 7.2.3 Phase Noise -- 7.2.4 Measurement Antennas -- 7.2.5 Measurement Campaigns -- 7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization -- 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models -- 7.4.1 Analytical Model -- 7.4.2 General Cluster Model -- 7.4.3 Particular Implementation of Cluster Models -- References -- Chapter 8 Wideband Channels -- 8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties -- 8.1.1 Path Gain-Range Dependency -- 8.1.2 Path Gain-Frequency Dependency -- 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel -- 8.2.1 Impulse Response According to IEEE802.15.4a -- 8.2.2 Impact of Antenna Impulse Response in Free Space -- 8.2.3 Manifestation of Antenna Impulse Response in Realistic Indoor Channels -- 8.2.4 New Channel Model For UWB -- 8.2.5 UWB Channel Impulse Response-Simplified Model for Practical Use -- 8.2.6 UWB Channel Impulse Response-Conclusion -- 8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels -- 8.3.1 Fade Depth Scaling -- 8.3.2 Probability Distribution Function of Fading -- 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques.

8.4.1 Wideband Array Descriptors -- 8.4.2 Antenna Arrays-UWB OFDM Systems -- 8.5 Implications for LTE-A -- References -- Chapter 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Wearable Antennas -- 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin -- 9.3.1 Complex Permittivity and Equivalent Conductivity of Medium -- 9.3.2 Properties of Human Body Tissue -- 9.3.3 Energy Loss in Biological Tissue -- 9.3.4 Body Effects on the Q Factor and Bandwidth of Wearable Antennas -- 9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models -- 9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- Part III Simulation and Performance -- Chapter 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation -- 10.2.1 Basic Terms and Principles -- 10.2.2 Free Space Propagation -- 10.2.3 Reflection and Transmission -- 10.2.4 Diffraction -- 10.2.5 Scattering -- 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation -- 10.3.1 Modeling Diffraction Over the Tree Canopy -- 10.3.2 Modeling Tree Shadowing -- 10.3.3 Modeling Diffuse Scattering from Trees -- 10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods -- 10.4.1 Modeling of the Environment -- 10.4.2 Geometric Computation of the Ray Trajectories -- 10.4.3 Direct Method or Ray-Launching -- 10.4.4 Image Method Ray-Tracing -- 10.4.5 Acceleration Techniques -- 10.4.6 Hybrid Techniques -- 10.4.7 Determination of the Electromagnetic Field Strength and Space-Time Outputs -- 10.4.8 Extension to Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Channel Modeling -- References -- Chapter 11 Finite-Difference Modeling -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell's Equations -- 11.2.1 FDTD -- 11.2.2 ParFlow -- 11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods -- 11.3.1 Comparison with Ray Tracing -- 11.3.2 Complexity Reduction -- 11.3.3 Calibration -- 11.3.4 Antenna Pattern Effects -- 11.3.5 3D Approximation.

11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Path Loss Prediction -- 11.4.2 Fading Prediction -- 11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models -- 11.5.1 Extension to 3D Models -- 11.5.2 Combination with Ray Tracing Models -- 11.5.3 Application to Wideband Channel Modeling -- 11.6 Summary and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning -- 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP -- 12.1.1 Terminology -- 12.1.2 Production Techniques -- 12.1.3 Specific Details Required for the Propagation Modeling -- 12.1.4 Raster Multi-Resolution -- 12.1.5 Raster-Vector Multi-Resolution -- 12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models -- 12.2.1 Site-General Path Loss Models -- 12.2.2 Site-Specific Path Loss and Channel Models -- 12.3 Empirical Models -- 12.3.1 Lee's Model -- 12.3.2 Erceg's Model -- 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells -- 12.4.1 A General Formula for Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells -- 12.4.2 COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami-Model -- 12.4.3 Other Models -- 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas -- 12.5.1 Waveguiding in Urban Areas -- 12.5.2 Transitions between Heterogeneous Environments -- 12.5.3 Penetration Inside Buildings -- 12.5.4 Main Principles of Operational Deterministic Models -- 12.5.5 Outdoor-to-Indoor Techniques -- 12.5.6 Calibration of Parameters -- 12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP -- 12.6.1 Measurement Campaign -- 12.6.2 Tuning (aka Calibration) Process -- 12.6.3 Model Accuracy -- 12.7 Coverage Probability -- References -- Chapter 13 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines -- 13.2.1 General System-Level Evaluation Methodology -- 13.2.2 System-Level Performance Metrics -- 13.2.3 Test Environment and Deployment Scenario Configurations -- 13.2.4 Antenna Modeling.

13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models.