Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 Gentianaceae in context -- INTRODUCTION -- ASTERIDAE AND GENTIANALES: THE PARENT LINEAGE -- CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENTIANACEAE LINEAGE -- Saccifolium -- Saprophytes -- Potaliinae -- Summary -- GENTIANACEAE GESTALTS: EVOLUTION OF SHAPES AND OF CLASSIFICATIONS -- Pollination syndromes -- Fruit form -- Plant habit -- GENTIANACEAE DIVERSITY IN TAXONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- LITERATURE CITED -- 2 Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS, METHODS, AND NEW PHYLOGENETIC RESULTS -- FAMILY GENTIANACEAE -- Description of Gentianaceae -- KEY TO THE TRIBES AND SUBTRIBES OF GENTIANACEAE -- A NEW TRIBAL AND SUBTRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENTIANACEAE -- TRIBE SACCIFOLIEAE -- Description of Saccifolieae -- Taxonomic history of Saccifolieae -- Generic synopses for Saccifolieae -- Curtia CHAM. & SCHLTDL. -- Hockinia GARDNER -- Saccifolium MAGUIRE & PIRES -- Tapeinostemon BENTH. -- Voyriella (MIQ.) MIQ. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Saccifolieae -- Palynology of Saccifolieae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Biogeography of Saccifolieae -- TRIBE EXACEAE -- Description of Exaceae -- Taxonomic history of Exaceae -- Generic synopses for Exaceae -- Cotylanthera BLUME -- Exacum L. -- Gentianothamnus HUMBERT -- Ornichia KLACK. -- Sebaea SOL. EX R. BR. -- Tachiadenus GRISEB. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Exaceae -- Vegetative structures -- Inflorescences -- Flowers -- Calyx -- Corolla -- Androecium -- Palynology of Exaceae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Gynoecium -- Seeds -- Karyology -- Dispersal -- Chemistry -- Uses -- Character synopsis -- Biogeography of Exaceae -- TRIBE CHIRONIEAE.

Description of Chironieae -- Taxonomic history of Chironieae -- Generic synopses for Chironieae -- Bisgoeppertia KUNTZE -- Blackstonia HUDS. -- Canscora LAM. -- Centaurium HILL -- Chironia L. -- Cicendia ADANS. -- Coutoubea AUBL. -- Cracosna GAGNEP. -- Deianira CHAM. & SCHLTDL. -- "Duplipetala", ined. (M. THIV, UNPUBL.) -- Eustoma SALISB. -- Exaculum CARUEL -- Geniostemon ENGELM. & A. GRAY -- Hoppea WILLD. -- Ixanthus GRISEB. -- Microrphium C. B. CLARKE -- Orphium E. MEY. -- Phyllocyclus KURZ -- Sabatia ADANS. -- Schinziella GILG -- Schultesia MART. -- Symphyllophyton GILG -- Xestaea GRISEB. -- Zygostigma GRISEB. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Chironieae -- Subtribe Coutoubeinae -- Subtribe Canscorinae -- Subtribe Chironiinae -- Palynology of Chironieae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Biogeography of Chironieae -- TRIBE HELIEAE -- Description of Helieae -- Taxonomic history of Helieae -- Generic synopses for Helieae -- Adenolisianthus GILG -- Aripuana STRUWE, MAAS, & V. A. ALBERT -- Calolisianthus GILG -- Celiantha MAGUIRE -- Chelonanthus GILG -- Chorisepalum GLEASON & WODEHOUSE -- Helia MART. -- Irlbachia MART. -- Lagenanthus GILG -- Lehmanniella GILG -- Macrocarpaea (GRISEB.) GILG -- Neblinantha MAGUIRE -- Prepusa MART. -- Purdieanthus GILG -- Rogersonanthus MAGUIRE & B. M. BOOM -- "Roraimaea", ined. (L. STRUWE, S. NILSSON, & V. A. ALBERT, UNPUBL.) -- Senaea TAUB. -- Sipapoantha MAGUIRE & B. M. BOOM -- Symbolanthus G. DON -- Tachia AUBL. -- Tetrapollinia MAGUIRE & B. M. BOOM -- Wurdackanthus MAGUIRE -- Zonanthus GRISEB. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Helieae -- Vegetative structures -- Inflorescence -- Floral anatomy -- Calyx -- Corolla -- Androecium -- Palynology of Helieae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Gynoecium and fruit -- Pollination syndromes -- Uses -- Character synopsis.

Biogeography of Helieae -- Neotropical distributions -- Geographic origin of Helieae -- The Macrocarpaea clade -- The Irlbachia clade -- The Symbolanthus clade -- Climatic changes in the Quaternary and the refugia hypothesis -- White-sand areas -- Highland and lowland taxa -- TRIBE POTALIEAE -- Description of Potalieae -- Taxonomic history of Potalieae -- Generic synopses for Potalieae -- Anthocleista R. BR. -- Congolanthus A. RAYNAL -- Djaloniella TAYLOR -- Enicostema BLUME -- Fagraea THUNB. -- Faroa WELW. -- Karina BOUTIQUE -- Lisianthius P. BROWNE -- Neurotheca SALISB. EX BENTH. IN BENTH. & HOOK.F. -- Oreonesion A. RAYNAL -- Potalia AUBL. -- Pycnosphaera GILG -- Urogentias GILG & GILG-BEN. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Potalieae -- Woodiness -- Vegetative structures -- Inflorescence -- Floral merosity -- Floral anatomy -- Calyx -- Corolla -- Androecium -- Palynology of Potalieae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Gynoecium and fruit -- Pollination syndromes and dispersal -- Uses -- Character diagnosis -- Biogeography of Potalieae -- Transatlantic disjuncts and pantropical patterns -- South and Central American patterns -- TRIBE GENTIANEAE -- Description of Gentianeae -- Taxonomic history of Gentianeae -- Generic synopses for Gentianeae -- Bartonia WILLD. -- Comastoma TOYOK. -- Crawfurdia WALL. -- Frasera WALTER -- Gentiana L. -- Gentianella MOENCH -- Gentianopsis MA -- Halenia BORKH. -- Jaeschkea KURZ -- Latouchea FRANCH. -- Lomatogonium A. BRAUN -- Megacodon (HEMSL.) HARRY SM. -- Obolaria L. -- Pterygocalyx MAXIM. -- Swertia L. -- Tripterospermum BLUME -- Veratrilla BAILL. EX FRANCH. -- Phylogeny and character evolution in Gentianeae -- Subtribe Gentianinae -- Subtribe Swertiinae -- Palynology of Gentianeae: Synopses of genera and general discussion -- Biogeography of Gentianeae -- TAXA INCERTAE SEDIS -- Voyria AUBL.

Palynology of Voyria -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Appendix 2.1 -- Africa and Madagascar -- Australia and The Pacific -- Asia -- Europe -- North America -- Central America and the Caribbean -- South America -- Appendix 2.2 -- LITERATURE CITED -- 3 Cladistics of Gentianaceae: a morphological approach -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- Taxa -- Characters -- Habit, duration of life cycle, and trophy -- Stem -- Leaves -- Calyx -- Corolla -- Androecium -- Pollen -- Pollination -- Gynoecium and fruit -- Embryology -- Seed -- Cytology -- Chemistry -- Methods -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Appendix 3.1 -- LITERATURE CITED -- 4 Gentianaceae: a review of palynology -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS -- METHODS -- POLLEN DESCRIPTIONS -- Tribe Saccifolieae -- Tribe Exaceae -- Tribe Chironieae -- Tribe Helieae -- Tribe Potalieae -- DISCUSSION -- The Saccifolieae -- Curtia -- Hockinia -- Tapeinostemon -- The Exaceae -- Gentianothamnus -- Tachiadenus -- The Chironieae -- Coutoubea and Schultesia -- Deianira -- The Helieae -- The Irlbachia complex -- Adenolisianthus -- Aripuana -- Calolisianthus and Wurdackanthus -- Celiantha -- Chelonanthus -- Chorisepalum -- Helia -- Irlbachia (including Brachycodon and Pagaea) -- Lagenanthus, Lehmanniella, and Purdieanthus -- Macrocarpaea -- Neblinantha -- Prepusa and Senaea -- Rogersonanthus -- Sipapoantha -- Symbolanthus -- Tachia -- Tetrapollinia -- Zonanthus -- The Potalieae -- Anthocleista, Fagraea, and Potalia -- Lisianthius -- Neurotheca and Congolanthus -- Some pollen morphological trends -- Summary -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Appendix 4.1 -- LITERATURE CITED -- 5 The seeds of Gentianaceae -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF OVULES AND SEEDS -- Embryology and ovule development -- Seed structure -- Seed shape -- Seed size and weight -- Seed coat anatomy.

Seed surface (exotesta) -- SEED DISPERSAL -- GERMINATION -- METHODS -- COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SEEDS OF GENTIANACEAE -- Tribe Exaceae -- Tribe Chironieae -- Subtribe Chironiinae -- Subtribe Canscorinae -- Subtribe Coutoubeinae -- Tribe Helieae -- Tribe Potalieae -- Subtribe Faroinae -- Subtribe Lisianthiinae -- Subtribe Potaliinae -- Tribe Gentianeae -- Subtribe Gentianinae -- Subtribe Swertiinae -- Tribe Saccifolieae -- Genus incertae sedis -- DISCUSSION -- Delimitation of the family -- Delimitation of tribes and subtribes -- Exaceae -- Chironieae -- Helieae -- Potalieae -- Gentianeae -- Saprophytic taxa and genus incertae sedis -- Exudates -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Appendix 5.1 -- LITERATURE CITED -- 6 Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- IRIDOIDS -- Biosynthesis -- Results -- XANTHONES -- Biosynthesis -- Results -- MANGIFERIN -- Biosynthesis -- Results -- C-GLUCOFLAVONES -- Biosynthesis -- Results -- PHYTOCHEMICAL CONCLUSIONS -- SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL REMARKS ON THE GENTIANACEAE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- LITERATURE CITED -- Index.