Preface -- Contents -- List of contributing authors -- 1 Climate change and plant diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi: implications for food security -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Mycotoxigenic fungi and food security -- 1.1.2 Climate change and food security -- 1.1.3 Climate change effects on plant diseases and food security -- 1.2 Effects of climate change on plant diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi -- 1.2.1 Epidemiology and resistance -- 1.2.2 Pathogen population genetics and evolution -- 1.3 Prediction of climate change effects on epidemics -- 1.3.1 Bioclimatic niche models -- 1.3.2 Climate change scenario models -- 1.4 Management of plant diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi under climate change -- 1.5 Outlook and conclusions -- 2 Impact of climate change on genetically engineered plants and mycotoxigenic fungi in the north central region of the US -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 GMO cropping systems in US agriculture -- 2.2.1 The establishment of GMO cropping systems in the US -- 2.2.2 Glyphosate-resistant crops and Bt transgenic techniques -- 2.2.3 General impact of GM crops on US agriculture -- 2.2.4 Impact of GM crops on mycotoxigenic fungi -- 2.3 Global climate change and current situation in the US -- 2.4 Impacts of climate change on the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi -- 2.4.1 The impact of climate change in the off-seasons: winter and early spring -- 2.4.2 Impact of climate change on planting date and fungi at seedling stages -- 2.4.3 Impact of climate change on crops and diseases in late spring and summer -- 2.4.4 Increased use of fungicides -- 2.5 Summary and future risks.

3 Interactions among plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal and mycotoxigenic fungi related to food crop health in a scenario of climate change -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis -- 3.2.1 AM establishment, function, and management -- 3.2.2 AM and stress alleviation in plants -- 3.2.3 Effects of agricultural practices on AM symbiosis -- 3.3 Interactions among plants, AM symbiosis, and mycotoxigenic fungi related to plant health -- 3.3.1 The effect of AM on plant protection against pathogens and pests -- 3.3.2 Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses -- 3.3.3 Interactions between AM symbiosis and mycotoxigenic fungi -- 3.3.4 Impact of climate change on AM fungi and repercussions for the protection of food crops against fungal diseases -- 3.3.5 Research perspectives and opportunities for exploiting the interactions between mycotoxigenic and AM fungi with regard to plant health as affected by climate change -- 4 Changes in environmental factors driven by climate change: effects on the ecophysiology of mycotoxigenic fungi -- 4.1 Background -- 4.1.1 Environmental change, fungal adaptation, and mycotoxins -- 4.1.2 Climate change and mycotoxigenic fungi -- 4.2 Ecophysiological modifications on mycotoxigenic fungi under climate change conditions -- 4.2.1 Two-way aw × temperature interactions -- 4.2.2 Three-way aw × temperature × CO2 interactions -- 4.3 Climate change impact on mycotoxin gene cluster expression and its relationship to growth and toxin production. -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5 Climate change effects on the biodiversity of mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in preharvest conditions in Europe -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate change and the risk of aflatoxin and Aspergillus contamination in Europe.

5.3 Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals: impact of climate change on the risk of trichothecenes and Fusarium contamination in Europe -- 5.3.1 Organization of TRI loci and trichothecene structural variation -- 5.3.2 FHB of minor cereals -- 5.3.3 Impact of climate change on the Fusarium species profile associated with FHB -- 6 Fumonisin in maize in relation to climate change -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fumonisin-producing fungi -- 6.2.1 Biology of fungi producing fumonisin -- 6.3 Fumonisin accumulation in developing maize kernels -- 6.3.1 Fumonisins are not required for pathogenicity -- 6.3.2 Insect damage increases risk of fumonisin contamination -- 6.3.3 Small grain cereals contaminated with fumonisins -- 6.3.4 Other crops and commodities contaminated with fumonisins -- 6.4 Geographical distribution of fumonisins in maize -- 6.4.1 Africa -- 6.4.2 Europe -- 6.4.3 South America -- 6.4.4 North America -- 6.4.5 Asia -- 6.5 Climate change predicted by IPCC -- 6.5.1 Climate effects on fungi producing fumonisin in maize -- 6.5.2 Effects of temperature -- 6.5.3 Effects of drought -- 6.5.4 Effects of elevated CO2 level -- 6.6 Conclusions on the effect of climate change on fumonisin -- 7 Climate change impacts on mycotoxin production -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Impact of temperature, water availability, and CO2 on mycotoxin production -- 7.3 Prediction strategies -- 7.4 Other factors to consider -- 7.5 Insights into potential mycotoxin production: focus on Europe -- 7.6 Trends in mycotoxin occurrence -- 7.7 Conclusion -- 8 Considerations about international mycotoxin legislation, food security, and climate change -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Main mycotoxins -- 8.2 Impacts of climate change on agriculture -- 8.3 Detection methods -- 8.3.1 Sampling procedures -- 8.3.2 Extraction procedures -- 8.3.3 Mycotoxin analysis.

8.3.4 Requirements for mycotoxin analysis methods -- 8.4 International mycotoxin regulations -- 8.5 Mycotoxin legislation and climate change -- Index.