Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Part I. Clinical Aspects of Depression -- 1. The Definition of Depression -- Paradoxes of Depression -- Prevalence of Depression -- PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY BY TYPES AND AGE AT ONSET -- Descriptive Concepts of Depression -- Semantics of Depression -- Depression and Normal Moods -- 2. Symptomatology of Depression -- Previous Systematic Studies -- Chief Complaint -- Symptoms -- EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS -- Dejected Mood -- Negative Feelings Toward Self -- Reduction in Gratification -- Loss of Emotional Attachments -- Crying Spells -- Loss of Mirth Response -- COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS -- Low Self-Evaluation -- Negative Expectations -- Self-Blame and Self-Criticism -- Indecisiveness -- Distortion of Body Image -- MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS -- Paralysis of the Will -- Avoidance, Escapist, and Withdrawal Wishes -- Suicidal Wishes -- Increased Dependency -- VEGETATIVE AND PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS -- Loss of Appetite -- Sleep Disturbance -- Loss of Libido -- Fatigability -- DELUSIONS -- Worthlessness -- Crime and Punishment -- Nihilistic Delusions -- Somatic Delusions -- Poverty -- HALLUCINATIONS -- Clinical Examination -- APPEARANCE -- RETARDATION -- AGITATION -- Variations in Symptoms -- CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS -- CULTURAL VARIATIONS -- 3. Course and Prognosis -- Depression as a Clinical Entity -- Importance of Course and Outcome -- Systematic Studies -- ONSET OF EPISODES -- REMISSION AND CHRONICITY -- Remission from Dysthymic Disorder -- Remission from Functional Impairments -- DURATION -- Brief Attacks of Manic-Depressive Psychosis (Bipolar Disorder) -- RECURRENCE -- INTERVALS BETWEEN ATTACKS -- OUTCOME FOR ''ENDOGENOUS'' VERSUS ''NEUROTIC'' DEPRESSION -- SCHIZOPHRENIC OUTCOME -- SUICIDE -- Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder -- PREDICTORS OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION -- Developmental Factors -- Personality Disorders.

Psychological Stressors -- Comorbid Disorders -- Biological Factors -- Cognitive Factors -- Conclusions -- 4. Classifying Mood Disorders -- The Official Nomenclature -- Derivation of System of Classification -- Reliability and Validity of Classification -- Dichotomies and Dualisms: Past and Present -- ENDOGENUS VERSUS EXOGENOUS -- AUTONOMOUS VERSUS REACTIVE -- AGITATED VERSUS RETARDED -- PSYCHOTIC VERSUS NEUROTIC -- Endogenous and Exogenous Depressions -- ORIGIN OF ENDOGENOUS-EXOGENOUS MODEL -- ''THE GREAT DEBATES'' -- DISTINCTION BETWEEN ENDOGENOUS AND REACTIVE DEPRESSIONS -- SYSTEMATIC STUDIES -- Methodological Problems -- Studies of Symptomatology -- Physiological Responses and Tests -- Body Build -- Response to Treatment -- Depressive Equivalents -- Depressions Secondary to Somatic Disorders -- 5. Psychotic Versus Nonpsychotic Depression -- ''Psychoneurotic'' Depressive Reaction -- DEFINITION -- EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT -- Severe Depression with Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depressive Reaction) -- CASE 1 -- CASE 2 -- CASE 3 -- Contemporary Diagnosis -- 6. Bipolar Disorders -- History and Definition -- Current Criteria for Bipolar Disorder -- Relationship of Manic to Depressive Episodes -- Symptomatology of Manic Phase -- EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS -- Elation -- Increased Gratification -- Self-Love -- Increased Attachment to People and Activities -- Increased Mirth Response -- COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS -- Positive Self-Image -- Positive Expectations -- Assignment of Blame -- Denial -- Arbitrariness -- Delusions -- MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS -- Impulse-Driven -- Action-Oriented -- Drive for Independence -- Drive for Self-Enhancement -- PHYSICAL AND VEGETATIVE MANIFESTATIONS -- Hyperactivity -- High Tolerance for Fatigue -- Appetite -- Increased Libido -- Insomnia -- Behavioral Observations of Manic Phase -- Periodicity of Manic-Depressive Behavior.

Premorbid Personality of Manic-Depressive Patients -- Issues for Further Study -- CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS -- GOAL ACHIEVEMENT AND MANIC SYMPTOMS -- 7. Involutional Depression -- History of the Concept -- Etiology -- Age -- Symptomatology -- Premorbid Personality -- Conclusion -- 8. Schizoaffective Disorder -- Definition -- Evolution of the Concept -- CATATONIA AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS -- BENIGN STUPOR -- Inactivity -- Negativism -- Affect -- Catalepsy -- Intellectual Processes -- Ideational Content -- Follow-up Studies -- ACUTE SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS -- ACUTE REMITTING SCHIZOPHRENIA -- STUDIES OF REVISED DIAGNOSES -- Differentiation of Depression and Schizophrenia -- Prognosis -- AFFECTIVE FACTORS AND PROGNOSIS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA -- Manifest Affect -- Content of Delusions -- Hallucinations -- Manic-Depressive Heredity and Outcome in Schizophrenia -- Presence of Depression -- Patterns of Aggression in Overt Behavior -- Present Classification of Schizoaffective Disorder -- Unresolved Issues for Continuing Research -- Course of Illness -- Symptom and Cognitive Profiles -- Family and Genetic Studies -- Bertelsen and Gottesman's Review -- Conclusion -- Part II. Experimental Aspects of Depression -- 9. Biological Studies of Depression -- Early studies -- Manic-Depressive Disorder and Constitution -- Heredity in Manic-Depressive Disorder -- IDENTICAL TWIN STUDIES -- IDENTICAL TWINS REARED SEPARATELY -- PEDIGREE STUDIES -- SUMMARY -- Bipolar Disorder -- Unipolar Depression -- Biochemical Studies of Depression -- EARLY STUDIES -- Blood Glucose -- Glucose Tolerance -- Acidity and Alkaline Reserve -- Serum Calcium and Phosphorus -- Nitrogenous Substances -- Lipoidal Substances -- Chlorides -- Critique of Studies -- MORE RECENT STUDIES -- Differences Between Manic and Depressive Phases -- Studies of Continued Cycles -- Studies During Depressive Episodes.

An Experimental Test of Biological Markers -- Responses of Normal Subjects to Stress -- Endocrine Studies -- STEROID METABOLISM -- THYROID FUNCTION -- Autonomic Function -- BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES TO MECHOLYL -- SALIVATION STUDIES -- Critique of Salivation Studies -- Neurophysiological Studies -- SEDATION THRESHOLD -- Anatomical Studies -- Frodl's Study -- Neurotropic and Neurogenesis Theories -- ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG) STUDIES -- ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) SLEEP STUDIES -- EEG AROUSAL RESPONSE -- Recent Studies of Children and Adolescents -- Neuropsychological Studies -- Conclusions -- 10. Psychological Studies: Tests of Psychoanalytic Theory -- Early Tests of Psychological Functioning -- PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE -- CONCEPTUAL PERFORMANCE -- PERCEPTUAL THRESHOLD -- DISTORTION OF TIME JUDGMENT -- DISTORTION OF SPATIAL JUDGMENT -- Early Experimental Studies -- Family Background and Personality -- Self-Concept -- Beck's Systematic Investigation of Depression -- PSYCHODYNAMIC FACTORS -- HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION -- TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS -- Definition of Negative -- Dream Study -- Early Memories -- Focused Fantasy Test -- Negative Inventory -- Self-Concept Test -- Experimental Studies -- Collateral Studies -- COGNITIVE PATTERNS IN VERBAL MATERIAL -- LONGITUDINAL STUDIES -- PATTERNS IN DREAMS OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS -- Preliminary Study -- Principal Study -- CHILDHOOD BEREAVEMENT AND ADULT DEPRESSION -- Childhood Bereavement Study -- COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS IN DEPRESSION -- Thematic Content of Cognitions -- Typology of Cognitive Distortions -- Formal Characteristics of Depressive Cognitions -- Relationship of Depressive Thoughts to Affect -- Discussion -- Afterword -- Part III. Theoretical Aspects of Depression -- 11. Theories of Depression -- Behavioral Theories -- Cognitive and Evolutionary Theories -- Psychoanalytic Theories -- AGGRESSION IN DEPRESSION.

ORALITY IN DEPRESSION -- Psychodynamic and Psychological Theories -- Existential Theories -- Neurological Theory -- Neuropsychological Theories -- Biochemical Theory -- Animal Models -- Expressed Emotion -- 12. Cognition and Psychopathology -- The Primary Triad in Depression -- NEGATIVE INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIENCE -- Thwarting or Defeat -- Deprivation -- Deprecation -- NEGATIVE VIEW OF SELF -- NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS -- The Affective Response -- Cognitive Primacy -- Changes in Motivation -- Physical Symptoms -- Cognition in Mania and Other Disorders -- A Cognitive Classification of Psychiatric Disorders -- NEUROSES -- Depressive -- Hypomanic -- Anxious -- Phobic -- Somatization -- Paranoid -- Obsessive and Compulsive -- PSYCHOSES -- Conclusions -- 13. Development of Depression -- Predisposition to Depression -- FORMATION OF PERMANENT CONCEPTS -- VALUE JUDGMENTS AND AFFECT -- SPECIFIC VULNERABILITY -- Precipitation of Depression -- SPECIFIC STRESS -- GENETIC MODERATION OF THE STRESS-DEPRESSION LINK -- NONSPECIFIC STRESS -- OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS -- Developmental Studies on Effects of Chronic Stress -- GENETIC RISK, PREVIOUS EPISODES, AND CHRONIC STRESS -- Personality Organization in Depression -- LITERATURE ON COGNITIVE ORGANIZATIONS -- DEFINITION OF SCHEMAS -- IDENTIFICATION OF SCHEMAS -- SCHEMAS IN DEPRESSION -- Modes and Psychopathology -- DISTORTION AND MISINTERPRETATION -- PERSEVERATION (RUMINATION) -- LOSS OF OBJECTIVITY -- Affects and Cognition -- A Feedback Model -- Part IV: Treatment of Depression -- 14. Somatic Therapies -- Pharmacotherapy -- THE TRICYCLIC DRUGS -- Early Studies -- MAO INHIBITORS -- SELECTIVE SEROTONIN-REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) -- ANTIDEPRESSANT PRESCRIBING PATTERNS -- SIDE EFFECTS -- STIMULANTS -- LITHIUM -- CURRENT USE OF TRICYCLICS AND MAOIS -- TREATMENT RESISTANCE -- Augmenting Versus Switching Antidepressants.

Placebo-Controlled Studies of Drug Combinations.