Cover -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 The Role of Electrochemical Engineering in Our Energy Future -- References -- Chapter 2 The Path from Invention to Product for the Magnetic Thin Film Head -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The State of the Art in the 1960s -- 2.2.1 The Processor -- 2.2.2 Memory -- 2.2.3 Data Storage -- 2.2.4 Electroplating Technology -- 2.3 Finding the Right Path to Production -- 2.3.1 First Demonstrations of a Thin Film Head -- 2.3.2 Interdisciplinary Design of a Functional Head -- 2.3.3 Early Tie-in to Manufacturing -- 2.3.4 The Integration of Many Inventions -- 2.4 Key Inventions for Thin Film Head Production -- 2.4.1 Device Structures -- 2.4.2 The Plating Process -- 2.4.2.1 The Paddle Cell -- 2.4.2.2 The Electroplating Bath, Deposition Parameters, and Controls -- 2.4.3 Patterning -- 2.4.3.1 Through-mask Plating -- 2.4.3.2 Frame Plating -- 2.4.3.3 Ancillary Issues in Pattern Plating -- 2.4.4 Materials -- 2.4.4.1 Magnetic Materials Studies -- 2.4.4.2 Hard-Baked Resist as Insulation -- 2.5 Concluding Thoughts -- 2.5.1 Fabrication Technology - the Key to a Manufactured Product -- 2.5.2 Matching Product and Process -- 2.5.3 An Interdisciplinary Combination of Science, Engineering, and Intuition -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Electrochemical Surface Processes and Opportunities for Material Synthesis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Underpotential Deposition (UPD) -- 3.3 Metal Deposition via Surface-Limited Redox Replacement of Underpotentially Deposited Metal Layer -- 3.3.1 General Description -- 3.3.2 Stoichiometry of SLRR Reactions and Deposition Process -- 3.3.3 Driving Force for SLRR Reaction and Nucleation Rate of Depositing Metal -- 3.3.4 Reaction Kinetics of Surface-Limited Redox Replacement -- 3.3.5 Future Directions.

3.4 Underpotential Codeposition (UPCD) -- 3.4.1 Energetics: Beyond the Thermodynamic Approximation -- 3.4.1.1 Ion Adsorption at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface -- 3.4.1.2 Potential of Zero Charge (PZC) -- 3.4.1.3 Surface Defects, Reconstruction, and Segregation -- 3.4.1.4 Atomistic Description of the Growth Process -- 3.4.2 Kinetics -- 3.4.3 Equilibrium Alloy Structure and Phase Formation -- 3.4.3.1 Binary Alloys Forming Solid Solutions and Ordered Compounds -- 3.4.3.2 Intermetallic Compounds -- 3.4.3.3 Alloys Immiscible in the Bulk -- 3.4.4 Structure and Morphology of UPCD Alloy Films -- 3.4.4.1 Crystallographic Structure and Microstructure -- 3.4.4.2 Film Morphology -- 3.4.5 Applications of UPCD Growth Methods -- 3.4.5.1 Catalysis and Electrocatalysis -- 3.4.5.2 Photovoltaics -- 3.4.5.3 Magnetic Recording and Microsystems -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Mathematical Modeling of Self-Organized Porous Anodic Oxide Films -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Phenomenology of Porous Anodic Oxide Formation -- 4.3 Mechanisms for Porous Anodic Oxide Formation -- 4.4 Elements of Porous Anodic Oxide Models -- 4.4.1 Ionic Migration Fluxes and Field Equations -- 4.4.2 Bulk Motion of Oxide -- 4.4.3 Interfacial Reactions -- 4.4.4 Boundary Conditions -- 4.4.5 Interface Motion -- 4.5 Modeling Results -- 4.5.1 Steady-State Porous Layer Growth -- 4.5.2 Linear Stability Analysis -- 4.5.3 Morphology Evolution -- 4.6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5 Engineering of Self-Organizing Electrochemistry: Porous Alumina and Titania Nanotubes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Formation and Growth of TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanotubes/Pores -- 5.2.1 General Aspects of Electrochemical Anodization and Self-Organization -- 5.2.2 Some Critical Factors/Aspects in the Self-Organization Phenomenology.

5.2.2.1 Duplex or Double Wall Structure of Al2O3 and TiO2 -- 5.2.2.2 Tubes versus Pores -- 5.2.2.3 Geometry Control -- 5.3 Improved Ordering via Nanopatterning -- 5.3.1 Al2O3 -- 5.3.2 TiO2 -- 5.4 Crystallinity and Composition -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 Anodic Al2O3 as Template Materials -- 5.5.2 Anodic TiO2 for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells -- 5.5.2.1 Tube Geometry -- 5.5.2.2 Crystallinity -- 5.5.2.3 Approaches to Enhance the Surface Area -- 5.5.2.4 Doping -- 5.5.2.5 Single Wall Morphology -- 5.5.3 Prospect for Commercialization -- 5.5.3.1 Processing Speed -- 5.5.3.2 Design: Backside versus Front-Side Illumination -- 5.5.3.3 Flexible Substrate -- 5.5.3.4 Scale-Up -- 5.5.3.5 Long-Term Stability -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Diffusion-Induced Stress within Core-Shell Structures and Implications for Robust Electrode Design and Materials Selection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ab initio Simulations: Informing Continuum Models -- 6.3 Governing Equations for the Continuum Model -- 6.3.1 Thermodynamics -- 6.3.2 Solute Diffusion -- 6.3.3 Solid Mechanics -- 6.3.4 Analytic Solution for Initial Stress Distribution -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Initial Condition -- 6.4.2 Transient Behavior -- 6.4.3 Application to a Host-SEI Core-Shell System -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Cost-Based Discovery for Engineering Solutions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Winds of Change: Integrating Intermittent Renewables -- 7.1.2 Cost is the Determining Factor -- 7.1.3 The Path Forward -- 7.2 The Liquid Metal Battery as a Grid Storage Solution -- 7.2.1 Principles of Operation -- 7.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.2.2.1 Scientific Advantages -- 7.2.2.2 Technology Scale-Up -- 7.2.2.3 Market Flexibility -- 7.2.3 Review of Competitive Technologies -- 7.2.4 Down-Selection -- 7.2.4.1 Cost -- 7.2.4.2 Temperature.

7.2.4.3 Scalability -- 7.3 Historical Odyssey -- 7.3.1 Molten Salts in Sodium Electrodeposition -- 7.3.2 Molten Salts in Nuclear Reactor Development -- 7.3.2.1 Aggregated Properties -- 7.3.2.2 Corrosion Mechanisms -- 7.3.3 Molten Salts in Energy Storage Devices -- 7.3.4 The Window of Opportunity -- 7.4 Project Description -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Multiscale Study of Electrochemical Energy Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Architectures of Energy Systems -- 8.2.1 The System and Its Boundary Conditions -- 8.2.2 Architectures of Multiscale Energy Systems -- 8.2.3 Agent-Based Approaches for Run-Time Simulation and Optimization -- 8.3 The Big Picture -- 8.3.1 Centralized versus Decentralized Systems -- 8.3.2 Decentralized Energy Systems: a Closer Look -- 8.4 Storage Components -- 8.4.1 How to Store Energy -- 8.4.2 Selected Energy Storage Devices -- 8.4.2.1 Li-Ion Batteries -- 8.4.2.2 Post Li-Ion Batteries -- 8.4.2.3 Redox Flow Batteries -- 8.4.3 Application to a City Block -- 8.5 Conversion Components, DEFC -- 8.5.1 Introduction to DEFC -- 8.5.2 Ethanol versus Other Fuels -- 8.5.3 Indirect versus Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell -- 8.5.3.1 Effect of Temperature on DEFC Performance -- 8.5.3.2 Stack Hardware and Design -- 8.6 Materials and Molecular Processes -- 8.6.1 DEFC Components -- 8.6.2 MEA and Electrodes -- 8.6.3 DEFC Processes -- 8.6.3.1 Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Acidic Media -- 8.6.4 Anode Catalysts -- 8.6.4.1 Pt-Sn as DEFC Anode Catalyst -- 8.6.4.2 Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Media -- 8.6.4.3 Elevated Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Membranes - Pros and Cons -- 8.6.5 Model Catalysts -- 8.6.5.1 Creating Nanostructured Model Surfaces -- 8.6.5.2 Acidic Media -- 8.6.5.3 Alkaline Media.

8.6.5.4 A Few Words about Cathode Catalysts (Conventional and MeOH Tolerant Catalysts) -- 8.7 Conclusions - Folding It Back -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.