Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction to Clusters -- 1.1 The Field of Clusters -- 1.2 Types of Clusters -- 1.2.1 Van der Waals clusters -- 1.2.2 Metal clusters -- 1.2.3 Clusters of ionic materials -- 1.2.4 Network clusters -- 1.2.5 Cluster assembled solids -- References -- 2. Experimental Production of Clusters -- 2.1 Formation of Clusters in Matrices -- 2.1.1 Chemical reaction in a liquid medium -- 2.1.2 Irradiation of a solid -- 2.1.3 Immersion of a porous glass in a liquid metal -- 2.1.4 Condensation on a substrate -- 2.2 Liquid Metal Ion Source -- 2.3 Ion Bombardment -- 2.4 Supersonic Nozzle Sources -- 2.4.1 Kinetics of coagulation -- 2.4.2 Seeded nozzle sources -- 2.4.3 Gas aggregation sources -- 2.4.4 Laser vaporization -- 2.4.5 Clusters in helium droplets -- 2.5 Mass Analysis -- References -- 3. Van der Waals Clusters -- 3.1 Structure of Van der Waals Clusters -- 3.2 Transition to the Bulk -- 3.3 Thermal Properties -- 3.3.1 Solid to solid transitions -- 3.3.2 Melting transition -- 3.3.3 Mixed inert gas clusters -- 3.3.4 Liquid to gas phase transition in hydrogen clusters -- 3.4 Electronic Effects -- 3.4.1 Delocalized electronic states of excess electrons -- 3.4.2 Core level spectroscopy -- 3.5 Clusters of SF6 and C02 Molecules -- 3.6 Interaction with Ultrafast Laser Pulses -- References -- 4. Electronic and Atomic Shells in Metal Clusters -- 4.1 Experimental Observation of Electronic Shells -- 4.2 Spherical Well Model of Metallic Clusters -- 4.3 Electronic Shell Effects in Large Clusters -- 4.4 Spheroidal Deformations of the Cluster Shape -- 4.5 A Full Description of the Cluster Structure -- 4.6 Shells of Atoms -- 4.7 Approximate Treatment of the Geometrical Structure -- 4.7.1 Spherically Averaged Pseudopotential Model -- 4.7.2 Cylindrically Averaged Pseudopotential (CAPS) Model -- 4.8 Clusters of the Aluminum Group.

4.8.1 Aluminum clusters -- 4.8.2 Boron clusters -- References -- 5. Electronic and Optical Properties of Simple Metal Clusters -- 5.1 Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity -- 5.2 Odd-Even Effects -- 5.3 Temperature Dependence of the Ionization Potential -- 5.4 Hardness and Reactivity -- 5.5 Mass Spectrum Obtained at Near-Threshold Ionization Energies -- 5.6 Response to a Static Electric Field -- 5.7 Dynamical Response -- 5.7.1 Relation between theory and experiment -- 5.7.2 Sum rules -- 5.7.3 Calculation of the dynamical susceptibility -- 5.7.4 Spherical clusters -- 5.7.5 Effect of shape deformations -- 5.7.6 Effect of the ion granularity -- 5.7.7 Vibrational structure of the optical response -- 5.7.8 Thermal line broadening -- References -- 6. Melting and Fragmentation of Metal Clusters -- 6.1 Melting Transition -- 6.1.1 Experiments for large alkali clusters -- 6.1.2 Calorimetric measurements of melting of medium size clusters -- 6.2 Computer Simulation of Melting -- 6.2.1 Computer simulations using approximate methods -- 6.2.2 Ab initio simulations -- 6.3 Clusters with Abnormally High Melting Temperature -- 6.4 Optical Properties and Melting -- 6.5 Fragmentation of Multiply Charged Clusters -- 6.5.1 Surface and Coulomb forces -- 6.5.2 Models and calculations of cluster fission -- 6.6 Optical Response Along the Fission Path -- 6.7 From Fission to Fragmentation to Coulomb Explosion -- 6.8 Caloric Curves of Fragmenting Clusters -- References -- 7. Bimetallic Clusters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Alloying Effects in Alkali Metal Clusters -- 7.3 Collective Electronic Excitations -- 7.4 Divalent and Monovalent Impurities in Alkali Metal Clusters -- 7.5 Higher Valence Impurities -- 7.6 Impurities in Aluminum Clusters -- References -- 8. Clusters of the Transition Metals -- 8.1 Noble Metal Clusters -- 8.1.1 Electronic shell effects.

8.1.2 Interplay between d and s electrons -- 8.1.3 Structure -- 8.1.4 Special properties of gold clusters -- 8.1.5 Optical properties -- 8.2 General Bonding Properties in Clusters of Transition Metals -- 8.3 Electronic and Atomic Structure -- 8.3.1 Nickel clusters -- 8.3.2 Iron clusters -- 8.3.3 Niobium clusters -- 8.3.4 Titanium and Vanadium clusters -- 8.3.5 Chromium clusters -- 8.4 Thermionic Emission from Refractory Metal Clusters -- 8.5 Nonmetal to Metal Transition -- 8.6 Atomic Shell Effects -- 8.6.1 Reactivity of Ni clusters -- 8.6.2 Shell effects in other clusters -- 8.7 Gold Clusters with Impurities -- 8.8 Doubly Charged Clusters -- References -- 9. Magnetism -- 9.1 Some Basic Concepts -- 9.2 Size Dependence of the Magnetic Moments -- 9.3 Magnetic Shell Models -- 9.4 Temperature Dependence of the Magnetic Moments -- 9.5 Magnetic Moments of Nickel Clusters and their Interpretation -- 9.5.1 Tight-binding studies -- 9.5.2 Influence of the s electrons -- 9.6 Density Functional Studies for Ni, Fe and Cr Clusters -- 9.6.1 Nickel clusters -- 9.6.2 Iron and and Chromium clusters -- 9.7 Experiments and Calculations for Mn Clusters -- 9.7.1 Clusters with less than ten atoms -- 9.7.2 Clusters with more than ten atoms -- 9.8 Magnetism in Clusters of the 4d Metals -- 9.8.1 Rhodium clusters -- 9.8.2 Ruthenium and Palladium clusters -- 9.9 Effect of Adsorbed Molecules -- 9.10 Determination of Magnetic Moments by Combining Theory and Photodetachment Spectroscopy -- 9.11 Noncollinear Magnetism -- References -- 10. Clusters of Ionic Materials -- 10.1 Nearly Stoichiometric Metal Halide Clusters -- 10.2 Nonstoichiometric Metal Halide Clusters -- 10.3 Small Neutral Clusters -- 10.4 Structural Transitions -- References -- 11. Carbon Clusters -- 11.1 Carbon Fullerenes -- 11.1.1 Discovery of the fullerenes -- 11.1.2 Electronic structure of C60.

11.1.3 Other fullerenes -- 11.2 Fullerene Collisions -- 11.2.1 Collisions at medium to high energies -- 11.2.2 Collisions at low to medium energies -- 11.2.3 Collisions with surfaces -- 11.3 Coating of Fullerenes -- 11.3.1 Alkali metal coverage -- 11.3.2 Coverage by other metals -- 11.4 Optical Properties of Carbon Clusters -- 11.4.1 Fullerenes -- 11.4.2 Medium size clusters -- 11.4.3 Coated fullerenes -- 11.4.4 Multilayered fullerenes -- 11.5 Metalcarbohedrenes -- 11.5.1 Structure and infrared vibrational spectroscopy -- 11.5.2 Other physical properties of metcars -- 11.5.3 Chemical reactivity -- 11.6 Other Metal-Carbon Clusters: from Small Clusters to Nanocrystals -- References -- 12. Assembling of New Materials from Clusters -- 12.1 General Principles -- 12.2 Crystalline Intermetallic Compounds Containing Clusters -- 12.3 Boron Clusters in Solids -- 12.4 Assembling of C60 Fullerenes -- 12.4.1 (C60)N clusters -- 12.4.2 Fullerene solids -- 12.4.3 Alkali-doped fullerene solids -- 12.4.4 Melting in assemblies of C60 clusters -- 12.5 Simulations of the Assembling of Doped Aluminum Clusters to Form Clustered Materials -- 12.5.1 Al12X clusters with 40 valence electrons -- 12.5.2 Assembling of AlI3H clusters -- 12.5.3 Assembling of superionic cluster-solids -- References -- Index.