This volume contains six peer-refereed articles written on the occasion of the workshop "Operator theory, system theory and scattering theory: multidimensional generalizations and related topics", held at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev from June 26 to July 1, 2005. The contributions which both survey their respective fields and contain new results present a cross-section of current activity in operator theory and system theory. Topics considered include Schur analysis, hierarchical semiseparable matrices, canonical forms for pairs of quaternionic matrices, the theory of homogeneous operators, algebras of fractions of continuous functions, and moment problems. Schur analysis in its various aspects occupies more than half of the volume, and moments problems have also an important place in the papers presented here. The volume will be of interest to a wide audience of pure and applied mathematicians, electrical engineers and theoretical physicists. .