Title Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Why Study the Philosophy of Art? -- Applications and Questions -- References and Readings -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Evolution and Culture -- 1 A Biological Basis for Art -- 2 The Cultural Invention of Art -- 3 The Big and the Small Picture -- 4 "It all depends what you mean by the word 'art'" -- Questions -- Readings -- 2 Defining Art -- 1 Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions -- 2 Essentialism and Anti-Essentialism -- 3 Arguments against Art's Definition -- 4 If Not an Essence, What Unifies the Concept of Art? -- 5 Some Definitions of Art -- 6 Definitions and Non-Western Art -- 7 Taking Stock -- Questions -- Readings -- 3 Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art -- 1 Aesthetic and Artistic Properties -- 2 The Aesthetic Attitude and Art for Art's Sake -- 3 Aesthetic Theory Criticized -- 4 Artworks that Pose a Challenge to Aesthetic Theory -- 5 Art's Contextually Relative Properties -- 6 Art for Art's Sake, Again -- Questions -- Readings -- 4 Varieties of Art -- 1 Artworks as Public Items -- 2 Are Artworks Created or Discovered? -- 3 Are all Artworks Potentially Multiple? -- 4 Multiply Instanced Artworks -- 5 New Works Based on Old Ones -- 6 The Ontological Variety of Works of Art -- 7 Is the Identity of an Artwork Fixed or Evolving? -- Questions -- Readings -- 5 Interpretation -- 1 When Is Interpretation Necessary? -- 2 What Is Interpreted? -- 3 Actual Intentionalism -- 4 Hypothetical Intentionalism -- 5 Value Maximization -- 6 Uses for Interpretation -- 7 Theory-Driven Interpretations -- 8 Does Interpretation Change the Work's Meaning? -- 9 What is Interpretation's Primary Purpose? -- Questions -- Readings -- 6 Expression and Emotional Responses -- 1 The Nature of Emotions -- 2 Identifying Others' Emotions -- 3 Identifying the Emotions in Art.

4 The Expression of Emotion in Music and Abstract Art -- 5 The Emotional Response of the Audience to the Work of Art -- Questions -- Readings -- 7 Pictorial Representation and the Visual Arts -- 1 The Experience of Representation -- 2 Representation and Resemblance -- 3 Representation: Culture and Biology, Again -- 4 Art versus Non-Art: A Matter of Style -- 5 Representation in Photographs and Paintings -- 6 Photographic Representation -- 7 Photography as an Art -- 8 Moving Images -- Questions -- Readings -- 8 The Value of Art -- 1 Evaluation and Functionality -- 2 Rules, Universality, and Objectivity in Artistic Evaluation -- 3 The Purpose and Form of Artistic Evaluation -- 4 What Is Rewarding about the Experience of Art? -- 5 Messages through Art -- 6 The Relation between Artistic and Moral Values -- 7 Should a Work's Immorality Undermine its Claims to Artistic Merit? -- 8 Morality in Documentaries and Fictions -- Questions -- Readings -- Index -- End User License Agreement.