CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Part A. New Analytical Techniques -- 1. Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectromet,ry, SIFT-MS, for On-Line Trace Gas Analysis of Breath D. Smith, P. Spandl -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry, SIFT-MS -- 2.1. Principle of SIFT-MS -- 2.2. Detection Limit, Accuracy, and Precision -- 2.3. Modes of Operation -- 2.4. Sampling Procedures -- 2.5. A Note on the Ion Chemistry Underpinning SIFT-MS -- 2.6. Validation of the Quantitative Accuracy of SIFT-MS -- 2.7. SIFT-MS Instrumentation -- 3. SIFT-MS Case Studies -- 3.1. Physiological Breath Composition -- 3.1.1. Common breath metabolites -- 3.1.2. Influence of food -- 3.1.3. Ethanol metabolism -- 3.2. Exposure to Exogenous Toxic Substances -- 3.3. Clinical Studies, Disease Related -- 3.3.1. Helicobacter pylori infection -- 3.3.2. Renal failure -- 3.3.3. Substance abuse -- 3.3.4. Urine analysis -- infection and cancer -- 4. Summary, Some Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects for SIFT-MS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2. Occupational Exposure Assessment Through Analysis of Human Breath and Ambient Air Using IMR-Mass Spectrometry J. Villinger, S. Praun, J . Rossler-Gruf, A . Dornauer, H. Neumager, E. Baumgartrier -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Technology -- 2.2. Sampling Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Online -- 3.1.1. Gas clearance monitoring -- 3.1.2. Emission f r o m grinding discs -- 3.1.3. Monitoring of "Hoffmann analytes" in cigarette smoke -- 3.2. Ofline -- 3.2.1. Pharmaceutical industry: dimethylformamide (DMF) in clean room ambient air and in exhaled breath -- 3.2.2. Glass manufacturing industry: diethyl ether, acetone -- levels in exhaled breath (off-line) and in ambient air (on-line) -- 3.2.3. Spray painting: toluene -- comparison of levels in blood and in exhaled breath -- 4. Conclusions -- References.

3 . Proton Transfer R,eaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Good Prospect for Diagnostic Breath Analysis? R. S. Blake, C. Whyte, P. S. Monks, A.M. Ellis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Details -- 3. Performance of the PTR-TOF-MS Instrument -- 4. Solving the Duty Cycle Problem: Hadamard Transform TOF-MS -- 5 . Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4. Metabolites in Human Breath: Ion Mobility Spectrometers as Diagnostic Tools for Lung Diseases J . I. Baumbach, W. Vautz, V. Ruzsanyi, L. Freitag -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Material and Methods: Ion Mobility Spectrometry -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5. Laser Spectroscopic On-Line Monitoring of Exhaled Trace Gases G. von Busum, D. Hulmer, P. Hering, M. Murtz -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6, Exhaled Human Breath Analysis with Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Gas Sensors G. Wysocki, M. McCurdy, S. So, C. Roller, F. K. Tittel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Gas Sensor Configuration -- 2.2. Selection of the Spectral Lines Suitable f o r Breath Analysis -- 2.3. Gas Sensor Calibration -- 2.4. Breath Sample Collection -- 2.5. Example Measurements of Breath Samples -- 2.6. Sensor Integration -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7. TCNQ Derivatives-Based Sensors for Breath Gas Analysis G. V. Karnarchuk, 0. P. Pospyelov, Yu. L. Alexandrov, A . V. Yerernenko, A . V. Kruvchenko, E. G. Kushch, L. V. Kamarchuk, E. Faulques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Technique -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Part B. Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Ethane -- 8. Exhaled Nitric Oxide: How and Why We Know It Is Important L. E. Gusta.fsson -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exhaled NO in Asthma -- Initial Studies.

3. Identity of Exhaled NO -- 4. Impact of the Discovery of Exhaled NO -- 5. What Characterizes an Exhaled Respiratory System Marker? -- 6. Some Notes on Technique and Technologies for Exhaled NO Measurements -- 7. Why Should We Measure Exhaled Nitric Oxide? -- 8. Is Airway Production of NO a Protective System? -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9. Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Breath: A Window on Lung Physiology R. A . Dweik and Pulmonary Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Metabolism -- 3. NO in the Lung -- 3.1. Vascular Eflects of NO -- 3.2. Airway Effects of NO -- 3.3. The Role of NO in Matching Ventilation and Perfusion -- 4. NO in Lung Disease -- 4.1. NO in Lung Inflammation -- 4.2. Asthma -- 4.3. Pulmonary Hypertension -- 4.4. NO in Other Lung Diseases -- 5. Measuring NO in Exhaled Breath -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10. Nasal Nitric Oxide Measurements as a Diagnostic Tool: Ready for Clinical Use? J . 0. Lundberg -- 1. Background -- 2. Why Measure Nasal NO? -- 3. In Which Conditions Might Nasal NO Be Clinically Applicable? -- 4. How to Measure Nasal NO -- 5. Nasal NO and Paranasal Sinus Function -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- References -- 11. Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Hepatopulmonary Syndrome G. Rolla -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Intrapulmonary Vascular Dilatations (IP VD) -- 1.2. NO Theory -- 1.3. Experimental Model of HPS -- 2. Exhaled NO -- 2.1. Measurement of NO in Exhaled Air -- 2.2. Exhaled NO in HPS -- 3. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12. Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Pulmonary Complications after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation C. Bucca, L. Brussino, E. Panaro, G. Aitoro, L. Giaccone, B. Bruno -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Statistical Analysis -- 4. Results -- 5 . Discussion -- References.

13. Isotope Selective Detection of Nitric Oxide in Human Exhalation J. Lauenstein. K.-H. Gericke -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory -- 3. Experimental Setup -- 4. Results -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 14. Diagnostic Aspects of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia A. Szabd, T. Kovesi, J. G d , D. Royston, N. Murczin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Role of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in Complications Following Cardiot horacic Surgery and the Need for Biomarkers of Lung Injury -- 3. Scope of Biomarker Research Applicable to Lung Injury Associated with Cardiothoracic Surgery -- 4. Biomarkers of Ischaemia-Reperfusion-Induced Lung Injury Based on Pathogenesis -- 4.1. Role of Microvascular Endothelial and Epithelial Cells -- 4.2. Responses of Endothelial Cells to Hypoxia, Ischaernia and Reperfusion -- 4.3. Role of Leukocyte Activation -- 5. NO as a Mediator and Biomarker of Lung Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 6. Endothelial NO Bioactivity in the Setting of Oxidative Stress and Enhanced Endothelial-Leukocyte Interactions: Cell Culture Studies -- 7. Influence of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury on NO Pathways: Studies in Animal Models -- 8. Studies on Pulmonary NO Metabolism in Human Lung Injury Utilising Analysis of Exhaled Breath -- References -- 15. Can Inhalation Carbon Monoxide be Utilized as a Therapeutic Modality in Human Diseases? T. Dolinay, A. M. K. Choi, S. W. Ryter -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Heme Oxygenase Isozymes and Activity -- 1.2. Molecular Basis f o r Regulation of HO-1 in Cells and Tissues -- 1.3. Cytoprotection by NO-1: An Overview -- 1.3.1. Antiapoptotic effects of HO-l/CO -- 2. Protective Effects of CO in Acute Lung Injury Models -- 2.1. HO-1 and CO Protect Against Hyperoxic Lung Injury -- 2.2. CO Protects Against Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury.

2.3. Cytoprotective Effect of CO Observed an a Model of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury -- 3. Carbon Monoxide (CO): An Anti-Inflammatory Mediator in Sepsis Models -- 3.1. Anti-Inflammatory Eflect of CO in a Macrophage Sepsis Model -- 3.2. CO Reduces Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Production in Sepsis -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 4. Protective Roles of CO in Organ Transplantation -- 4.1. CO Protected Against Acute Rejection in Lung Transplantation -- 4.2. Antiprolifemtive Effect of CO in Vascular nansplant and Balloon Injury Models -- 4.3. Antiproliferative Eflect of CO in T-Lymphocytes -- 5. Asthma -- 5.1. Chronic Inflammation -- 5.2. Airway Remodeling -- 6. Challenges Ahead for Therapeutic Use of CO in Human Disease -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix: Abbreviations -- References -- 16. Breath Ethane in Disease: Methods for Analysis Based on Room Air Correction K. A. Cope -- 1. Introduction -- 2 . Methods -- 2.1. Human Studies Procotols -- 2.2. The Collection of Breath Samples -- 2.3. Room Air Measurements -- 2.4. Chromatographic Analysis -- 2.5. Data Analysis -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part C. Broadly-Based Studies -- 17. Current Status of Clinical Breath Analysis T. H. Ris b y -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Brief History -- 3. Current Status -- 4. Important Research Gaps to Address -- 5. New Directions for Clinical Breath Analysis -- 5.1. Breath Condensate -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18. VOC Breath Markers in Critically I11 Patients: Potential and Limitations J . K. Schubert, W. Miekisch, G. F. E. Noldge-Schomburg -- 1. Introduction: Monitoring in the ICU -- 2. Diagnostic Potential of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Breath of the Critically I11 -- 2.1. Inflammation and Oxidative I n j u r y -- 2.2. Acute Lung Injury, ARDS, Pneumonia -- 2.3. Metabolism -- 2.4. Organ Function.

2.4.1. Hepatic and renal failure.