Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol -- 1 Renewable Fuels -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Renewable Energy -- 1.3 Biofuels -- 1.3.1 Advantages of Biofuels -- 1.3.2 Gaseous Biofuels -- 1.3.3 Liquid Biofuels -- 1.4 Renewable Energy in the United States -- 1.4.1 Federal Agencies Promoting Renewable Energy -- 1.4.2 Incentives for Renewable Fuels -- 1.5 Renewable Fuel Legislature in the United States -- 1.5.1 Renewable Fuel Standards of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 -- 1.5.2 US EPA 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards -- References -- 2 Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel -- 2.1 Introduction - History of Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel -- 2.2 Alcohol Fuels -- 2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Ethanol -- 2.3.1 Disadvantages of Ethanol -- 2.4 Corn and Sugarcane Ethanol -- 2.4.1 First Generation Ethanol Production -- 2.5 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol -- References -- 3 Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Feedstock Types -- 3.3 Potential of Agricultural Wastes -- 3.4 Major Crop Residue Feedstock -- 3.4.1 Corn Stover -- 3.4.2 Wheat Straw -- 3.4.3 Rice Straw -- 3.4.4 Sugarcane Bagasse -- 3.4.5 Barley Straw -- 3.5 Forestry Residue, Logging and Mill Residue -- 3.6 Grass Feedstocks -- 3.6.1 Switchgrass -- 3.6.2 Miscanthus Grass -- 3.6.3 Prairie Cordgrass -- 3.6.4 Arundo Donax or Giant Reed -- 3.6.5 Reed Canary Grass -- 3.6.6 Alfalfa -- 3.6.7 Other Grasses -- 3.7 Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstock -- 3.7.1 Poplar -- 3.7.2 Willows -- 3.7.3 Pines -- 3.7.4 Eucalyptus -- 3.8 Municipal and Other Waste as Feedstock for Cellulosic Ethanol -- 3.8.1 Municipal Waste Feedstock Utilizing Cellulosic Ethanol Plants -- References -- Part 2 Aqueous Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route -- 4 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route: Recalcitrance.

4.1 Introduction - Two Ways to Produce Cellulosic Ethanol -- 4.2 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis -- 4.3 Structure of Plant Cells and Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.4 Major Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.4.1 Cellulose -- 4.4.2 Hemicellulose -- 4.4.3 Lignin -- 4.5 Cellulose Recalcitrance -- References -- 5 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Different Categories of Pretreatment Methods -- 5.3 Physical Pretreatment -- 5.3.1 Machinery Used in Physical Pretreatment -- 5.3.2 Physical Pretreatment of Woody Biomass -- 5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatment -- 5.4.1 Steam Explosion or Steam Pretreatment -- 5.4.2 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment -- 5.4.3 Ammonia-Based Pretreatments Method -- 5.4.4 Ammonia Fiber/Freeze Explosion (AFEX) -- 5.4.5 Ammonia Recycle Percolation (ARP) -- 5.4.6 Soaking Aqueous Ammonia (SAA) -- 5.4.7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment -- 5.4.8 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 5.4.9 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment -- 5.4.10 N-Methyl Morpholine N-Oxide (NMMO) Pretreatment -- 5.5 Chemical Pretreatment -- 5.5.1 Aqueous Acid Pretreatment -- 5.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Pretreatment -- 5.5.3 Alkaline Pretreatment Methods -- 5.5.4 Lime Pretreatment -- 5.5.5 Aqueous Alkali Hydroxide-Based Pretreatments -- 5.5.6 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment -- 5.5.7 Ozone Pretreatment -- 5.6 Biological Pretreatment -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Enzymatic Actions on Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 6.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose -- 6.3.1 Cellulose Hydrolysis Mechanisms -- 6.3.2 Cellulase Preparation Methods -- 6.3.3 In-Plant Cellulase Production -- 6.3.4 Immobilization of Cellulases -- 6.3.5 Immobilization on Nanoparticles -- 6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose -- 6.4.1 Hemicellulose Hydrolysis Mechanisms.

6.4.2 Hemicellulases Preparation Methods -- 6.5 Future Directions in Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis Research -- References -- 7 Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis -- 7.2.1 Arkenol Process -- 7.2.2 Mechanism of the Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis -- 7.2.3 Recent Advances in the Concentrated Acid Process -- 7.3 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis -- 7.3.1 Percolation Reactors -- 7.3.2 Plug Flow Reactors -- 7.3.3 Bed-Shrinking Flow through Reactors -- 7.3.4 Comparisons and Modeling Studies on Hydrolysis Reactors -- 7.3.5 Recent Advances in Dilute Acid Process - Different Acids -- 7.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Direct Acid Hydrolysis -- 7.4.1 Acid Catalysts in Ionic Liquid Solutions -- 7.4.2 Solid Acid Catalysts in Ionic Liquid Solutions -- 7.4.3 Acid Group Functionalized Ionic Liquids -- 7.5 Solid Acid Hydrolysis -- 7.5.1 Zeolites -- 7.5.2 Cation-Exchange Resins -- 7.5.3 Metal Oxide Supported Solid Acid Catalysts -- 7.5.4 Carbonaceous Solid Supported Acid Catalysts -- References -- 8 Fermentation I - Microorganisms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzate -- 8.3 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) -- 8.4 Microorganisms Used in the Fermentation -- 8.5 Fermentation Using Yeasts -- 8.5.1 Genetic Modification of Yeasts -- 8.6 Fermentation Using Bacteria -- 8.6.1 Genetic Modifications of Bacteria -- 8.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 8.7.1 SSF Using a Mixture of Saccharification and Fermentation Microorganisms -- 8.7.2 SSF Using Microorganisms that Can Do both Saccharification and Fermentation or Consolidated Bio-Processing (CBP) -- 8.7.3 Heterologous Expression of Cellulase Genes in Yeast S. cerevisiae for the Development of CBP -- 8.7.4 Surface-Engineered Yeast Strains for the CBP -- 8.7.5 Cell Recycle Batch Fermentation (CRBF).

8.7.6 Comparison of Different Fermentation Configurations -- 8.8 Immobilization of Yeast -- References -- 9 Fermentation II - Fermenter Configuration and Design -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Batch Fermentation -- 9.2.1 Examples of Batch Fermentation -- 9.3 Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 9.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 9.3.2 Examples of Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 9.3.3 Types of Fed-Batch Fermentation Reactors -- 9.3.4 Fixed Volume Fed-batch Reactors -- 9.3.5 Variable Volume Fed-batch Reactors -- 9.3.6 Control Techniques for Fed-Batch Fermentation -- 9.4 Continuous Fermentation -- 9.4.1 Types of Continuous Fermentation Reactors -- 9.4.2 Advantages of Continuous Fermentation -- 9.4.3 Examples of Continuous Fermentation -- 9.4.4 Continuous Fermentation Using Immobilized Microorganisms -- 9.5 New Directions in Fermenter Configuration and Design -- References -- 10 Separation and Uses of Lignin -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structure of Lignin -- 10.3 Separation of Lignin in the Cellulosic Ethanol Process -- 10.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignin -- 10.5 Applications of Lignin -- 10.5.1 Lignin-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Resins -- 10.5.2 Lignin-Phenol co-Polymers as Adhesives -- 10.5.3 Lignin-Polyolefin Blends -- 10.5.4 Lignin-Polyvinyl Polymer Blends -- 10.5.5 Lignin-Rubber Blends -- 10.5.6 Preparation of Vanillin from Lignin -- 10.5.7 Synthesis of Vanillin-Based Polymers -- References -- Part 3 Biomass Gasification Route -- 11 Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasifier Designs -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Chemistry of the Conversion of Biomass to Syngas -- 11.2.1 Composition of the Syngas -- 11.3 Classifications of Biomass Gasifiers -- 11.4 Fixed-Bed Gasifier -- 11.5 Fluidized-Bed Gasifier -- 11.6 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed (BFB) Gasifier -- 11.7 Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Gasifier -- 11.8 Allothermal Dual Fluidized-Bed (DFB) Gasifier.

11.9 Entrained-Flow Gasifier -- 11.10 Syngas Cleaning -- 11.10.1 Hot Gas Cleaning -- 11.10.2 Inertial Separation Using Cyclone -- 11.10.3 Gas Cleaning Filters -- 11.10.4 Electrostatic Separations -- 11.10.5 Cold Wet Gas Cleaning or Conventional Gas Cleaning -- 11.11 Tar Control and Treatment Methods -- References -- 12 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Microorganisms -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysis -- 12.2 Metabolic Pathways -- 12.3 Microorganisms Used in Syngas Fermentation -- 12.4 Biochemical Reactions in Syngas Fermentation -- 12.5 The Effects of Operation Parameters on Ethanol Yield -- 12.5.1 The Effect of Culture Media -- 12.5.2 Effect of Medium pH -- 12.5.3 The Effect of Carbon Source -- 12.5.4 The Effect of Inhibitors and Impurities in Syngas -- 12.5.5 The Effect of Gas Pressure -- 12.6 Syngas Fermentation Reactors -- 12.7 Industrial-Scale Syngas Fermentation and Commercialization -- References -- 13 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Chemical Catalysts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Homogeneous Catalysts -- 13.3 Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 13.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst Types -- 13.5 Rhodium-Based Catalysts -- 13.5.1 Studies on Reduction of CO and CO2 -- 13.5.2 Role of Promoters -- 13.5.3 Role of Catalyst Support -- 13.5.4 New Catalyst Supports -- 13.6 Copper-Based Modified Methanol Synthesis Catalysts -- 13.6.1 Copper Nanoparticles-Based Catalysts -- 13.7 Modified Fischer-Tropsch Type Catalysts -- 13.8 Molybdenum-Based Catalysts -- 13.9 Catalyst Selection -- References -- Part 4 Processing of Cellulosic Ethanol -- 14 Distillation of Ethanol -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Distillation of the Beer -- 14.3 How Distillation Works -- 14.4 Conventional Ethanol Distillation System -- 14.4.1 Beer Column or Stripping Column -- 14.4.2 Rectifying or Refining Column.

14.4.3 Side Stripper Column.