Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section One CONCEPTS AND CLASSES OF DRUGS -- 1 Concepts of Drugs, Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse -- What Is a Drug and Drug Use? -- Overdoses -- What Are Drugs of Misuse? -- Terms Used to Refer to Drugs That Might Be Misused -- Street Drugs -- Hard and Soft Drugs -- Illicit Drugs -- Designer Drugs -- Club Drugs -- Search for Clarification of Words Used to Describe Drugs That Can Be Misused -- Formal Definitions of Drug Abuse -- Differences between Adolescent and Adult Substance Abuse -- Summary -- 2 Further Classifications Relevant to Substance Abuse and Dependence -- The WHO Diagnostic Scheme -- Withdrawal Symptoms -- Is Drug Abuse a Disease? -- Limitations of the Disease Concept of Drug Abuse -- The Brain Disease Concept -- Reconsideration of the Disease Concept -- Substance and Process Addictions -- Substance Addictions -- Process Addictions -- Dual Diagnosis -- Summary -- 3 Types of Drugs, History of Drug Use and Misuse, and Costs of Drug Misuse -- Types of Drugs -- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association -- WHO International Classification of Diseases -- U.S. DEA's and Coast Guard Scheme -- Julien Biomedical-Type Scheme -- Sussman and Ames Health Promotion Subjective-Behavioral Scheme -- Depressants -- PCP -- Inhalants -- Stimulants -- Opiates -- Hallucinogens -- Cannabis -- Other Drugs -- The Case of Caffeine: Is This a Safe Drug? -- The Strange Case of Tobacco -- Drug Use in Ancient Times -- Drug Abuse in Ancient Times -- Current Costs of Drug Abuse -- Summary -- Section Two ETIOLOGY -- 4 Current Multivariable Models -- Risk and Protective Factors -- Biopsychosocial Models -- Problem Behavior Theory -- Personality System -- Perceived Environmental System -- Behavioral System -- Triadic Influence Theory.

Cognitive-Affective Theories -- Social Learning Theories -- Commitment and Social Attachment Theories -- Intrapersonal Theories -- Comprehensive Theories -- Stage Modeling -- First Stage -- Second Stage -- Third Stage -- Fourth and Fifth Stages -- Forming a Behavioral Relationship with Drugs: The PACE Stage Model -- Pragmatic Variables -- Attraction -- Communication -- Expectations -- Distal and Proximal Factors -- Summary -- 5 Neurobiologically Relevant -- Preparedness to Abuse Drugs -- Dopamine Receptor Hypothesis -- Genetic Variation -- Brain Systems Involved in Drug Use -- Brain Reward Systems -- Variation in Response to Cues for Reward -- More on Neurotransmission Systems -- Brain Structures Involved in Drug Misuse -- Substance-Induced Neural Adaptations That Sustain Dis-Balance -- Incentive-Sensitization Theory -- Allostasis -- Developmental Influences on Affect Regulation and Cognitive-Behavioral Control -- Early Trauma -- Phenotype Expression of Neurobiological Processes Associated with Drug Misuse -- Sensation Seeking/Novelty Seeking -- Impulsivity and Other Behavioral Regulation Traits -- Heritability of Phenotypes That Affect Dis-Balance -- Summary -- 6 Cognitive Processes -- Cognition-Information Errors -- Limits in Rational Cognitive Processing -- Executive Functions -- Cognitive Expectancies and Drug Use -- Expectancies as Components of Memory -- Implicit Cognitive Processes -- Interplay of Implicit and Explicit Cognitive Processes -- Belief…Behavior Congruence -- Contextual/Situational Distortions -- Summary -- 7 Social Interaction and Social Groups -- The Family Unit and Parenting -- Peer Social Influences on Drug Use -- Social Cognitive/Learning Theory -- Social Support -- Social Network Theory -- Deviant Subcultures -- Group Identification -- Summary -- 8 The Large Social and Physical Environment.

Physical-Environmental Antecedents of Drug Use -- Socioeconomics, Locations, and Drug Use -- Environmental Availability of Drugs -- Points of Distribution and Drug Use -- Physical Environment Network-TypeModels of Substance Use -- Cultural Influences on Drug Use -- Gender -- Ethnicity as Culture? -- Mass Media -- Cigarette Smoking in theMovies -- Summary -- 9 Assessment -- Reasons for and Goals of Assessment -- Mental Status Examination -- Drug Treatment History -- Frequency, Quantity, and Method of Drug Use, and Family Drug Use -- The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV -- Structured Assessments of Alcoholism That Could Be Used with Adolescents or Emerging Adults -- Structured Assessments of Other Drugs of Abuse That Could Be Used with Adolescents and Emerging Adults -- Examples of Popular Structured Assessments Used with Older Adults -- Biochemical Assessment of Drug Use among Teens and Emerging Adults -- Summary -- Section Three PREVENTION -- 10 Concepts of Prevention -- Prevention Definitions and Classifications -- Deciding When to Use Prevention versus Cessation Programming -- Integrating Prevention and Cessation -- Message Content -- Modality of Delivery -- Program Implementers -- Summary -- Ancient History of Drug Abuse Prevention -- Fear, Information, Values, and Drug Abuse Prevention -- Social Influence-Based Programs -- Long-Term Follow-Up -- Globalization of Prevention Efforts -- An Example of the Necessity of Globalization -- When Should Programming Be Delivered in Human Development -- Summary -- 11 Neurobiologically Relevant -- Genetics -- Neurotransmission/Pharmacologically Based -- Delay -- Social and Emotional Learning -- Sensation Seeking-Based Programming -- Self-Control Programming -- Summary of Evidence-Based Targeted Drug Abuse Prevention.

Potential Limitation of Targeted Prevention: Deviancy Training -- Potential Limitation of Targeted Prevention: Multiple Problem Behaviors -- Summary -- 12 Cognitive Processes -- Cognitive-Information Errors -- Cognitive Processing Limits -- Implicit Cognition Strategies -- Belief-Behavior Congruence -- The logic of stereotyping remediation for older teens -- The logic of attitudinal perspectives remediation -- The logic of instilling health as a value -- Contextual/Situational Distortions -- Summary -- 13 Social Interaction and Social Groups -- Elements of Comprehensive Social Influence Prevention Programs -- Listening and Communication Skills -- Refusal Assertion Emphasis -- Short- and Long-Term Physical Consequences of Substance Use -- Peer Group Unacceptability of DrugMisuse -- Correction of Use Prevalence Overestimates -- Awareness of Adult Influences -- Media Influences -- Activism -- Self-Confidence Building and Decision-Making -- Making a Commitment Not to Use Tobacco and Other Drugs -- Smoking and Other Drug Use CessationMaterials for Teens or Adults -- An Example of an Evidence-Based Comprehensive Social Influence Prevention Program -- The Effects of Good Health Education and Interactive Programming -- Social Network Analysis Approach to Prevention -- Instruction in Conscientiousness -- Community Units -- Family-Based Prevention -- Summary -- 14 The Large Social and Physical Environment -- Large Social Environmental Change -- Media-Based Prevention Programming -- Obtaining Social and Physical Environmental Resources -- Supply Reduction -- Tobacco Policies -- Interdiction -- Geographic Changes and Prevention -- Community Multicomponent Programs -- Summary -- Section Four CESSATION -- 15 Concepts of Cessation -- Ancient History of Drug Abuse Treatment -- Trends in Drug Abuse Treatment Since the -- Treatment Programs Today -- Stages of Recovery.

Treatment Goals -- Motivation -- Tolerance of Tobacco Use in Treatment Settings -- Treatment of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders -- Effective Elements of Treatment for Adolescents and Emerging Adults -- Predictors of Adolescent and Emerging Adult Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes -- Quitting without Formalized Treatment? -- Harm Reduction Strategies -- Summary -- 16 Neurobiologically Relevant -- Treatment of Withdrawal Symptoms -- Pharmacotherapy as a Harm Reduction Approach -- Opioid Agonist Treatment -- Opioid Antagonist Treatment -- OtherMedications for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence -- Nicotine Addiction -- Pharmacotherapy with Teens -- Treatment of Postacute Withdrawal -- Relapse Warning Signs -- Mood and Affect Management -- Speculation about Future Treatments -- Summary -- 17 Cognitive Processes -- Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions -- Cognitive-Behavioral Chemical Dependency Inpatient Programs -- Cue Exposure/Cue Reactivity Approaches -- Cognitive Coping Programs as Alternatives to a Disease Model -- Relapse Prevention -- Marlatt's Cognitive-Behavioral Relapse Prevention Therapy -- Implicit and Explicit Cognition in Cessation -- Summary -- 18 Social Interaction and Social Groups -- Johnson Institute and Motivational Intervention -- Twelve-Step Recovery Group Model -- More on Peer Support in Twelve-Step Programming -- Support for and Criticisms of Twelve-Step Programs -- The Cure for the "Disease": On Spirituality -- Who Do Twelve-Step Programs Help? -- Who Should Be the Treatment Agent (Former Drug Abusers or Professionals)? -- The Therapeutic Relationship and Motivational Interviewing -- Social Skills Training -- Therapeutic Community Model -- Sober-Living Homes -- Family Therapy -- Group Therapy -- Social Resources and Outpatient Treatment -- Use of Hotlines -- Contracting with Another Person.

Social Network Analysis Approach to Cessation.