Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Preface -- The competition law/IP 'interface': an introductory note -- I. Introduction -- II. A note on the compatibilities between the two systems of legal regulation -- III. The changing nature of the interface between the exercise of IPRs and competition policy in the major competition law systems -- IV. The relevant principles of IP law and innovation -- A. Patent laws -- B. Copyright laws -- C. The limits of the patent and copyright internal balance -- Notes -- PART I Intellectual property rights and competition law in the major trading blocks -- 2 EC competition policy and IPRs -- I. Introduction -- II. Article 82 and IPRs -- A. Introduction -- B. Dominance, relevant market and IPRs -- 1. The determination of the relevant market -- 2. The concept of dominance under Article 82 and IPRs -- C. The concept of abuse under Article 82 -- 1. The concept generally -- 2. Excessive pricing and IPRs -- 3. The abuse of refusal to supply: Article 82(b) -- 4. Tie-ins (Article 82(d)) -- III. Article 81 and agreements between firms -- A. Article 81 generally -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exemption under Article 81(3) -- IV. IP licensing and competition law -- A. Introduction and background -- B. The evolution of the regulatory framework for IP licensing in the EC -- C. The main features of the new Technology Transfer Regulation and Guidelines -- 1. The scope and duration of the Regulation -- 2. The distinction between 'horizontal' and 'vertical' licensing agreements -- 3. The market share limits -- 4. The hard core restrictions -- 5. The new methods of assessing individual restraints in licensing agreements outside the safe harbour of the TTBER -- 6. Licensing agreements between non-competitors -- 7. Licensing agreements between competitors -- V. Remedies -- A. Article 82.

B. Article 81 -- C. Mergers -- VI. Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 Competition policy and its implications for intellectual property rights in the United States -- Introduction: innovation and competition -- I. US intellectual property rights and innovation: the competition policies within -- A. The purposes of intellectual property rights -- B. Constitutional origins: copyright and patent protection -- 1. Patent protection and competition policy -- 2. Copyright protection and competition policy -- C. Common law origins: trademarks and trade secrets -- 1. Trade secrets and competition policy -- 2. Competition policy and protection of trade marks and trade names -- II. Overview: US antitrust law and innovation -- A. Antitrust economics -- B. The antitrust statutes in historical context -- C. Judicial interpretation of the statutes -- D. The regulatory agencies -- E. Agency guidelines -- A note on extra-territorial reach -- III. The impact of antitrust on intellectual property rights -- A. Framework: judicial and regulatory approaches -- 1. The courts: antitrust scrutiny of intellectual property rights -- 2. Guidelines for the licensing of intellectual property (1995) -- B. Transactional analysis: antitrust scrutiny of intellectual property rights exploitation -- 1. Enforcement of intellectual property rights -- 2. Industry standardisation -- 3. Duty to license -- 4. Licensing of intellectual property -- 5. Unilateral acquisition of intellectual property rights -- Appendix A: an overview of the Microsoft antitrust cases -- Notes -- 4 The interface between competition law and intellectual property in Japan -- I. General introduction -- A. Purpose and outline of intellectual property laws -- 1. Industrial property and economic development -- 2. Purpose of industrial property laws -- B. Purpose and outline of the Antimonopoly Act -- 1. History.

2. Purpose and Outline of the Antimonopoly Act -- II. Antitrust law and policy related to intellectual property rights -- A. The exemption provision of section 21 AMA -- 1. The provision -- 2. The position of the legislature and the Fair Trade Commission -- B. Guidelines of the Fair Trade Commission on licensing agreements -- 1. General remarks -- 2. Doctrinal approach on restrictions on patent and know-how licensing agreements -- 3. FTC Guidelines for Patent and Know-how Licensing Agreements -- C. Guidelines of the Fair Trade Commission in research and development -- D. Patent pools and cross-licensing schemes -- E. Decisions of the Fair Trade Commission related to IP rights -- 1. Overview -- 2. Clauses meant to limit the free distribution of (exhausted) products -- 3. Post-contractual limitations -- 4. Restrictions in cross-licensing schemes -- 5. Patent pools -- F. FTC's studies on intellectual property and competition policy -- 1. In general -- 2. Report of the study group on technical standards and competition policy, July 2001 -- 3. Study group on software and the Antimonopoly Act, March 2002 -- 4. Study group on patents and competition policy for new technical fields, June 2002 -- 5. Study group on digital content and competition policy, March 2003 -- III. Competition policy in IP legislation -- A. Copyrights, rental and lending of phonograms -- B. Protection of investment by prohibiting slavish imitation -- C. Compulsory licences for dependent inventions -- IV. Competition policy through the interpretation of intellectual property rights -- A. Interpretation of intellectual property rights unrelated to technology transfer agreements -- 1. Clinical trials and generic drugs -- 2. Cases related to parallel imports in order to stimulate domestic competition -- 3. The retail of software video games.

4. Unjustified threats for alleged infringement of intellectual property rights -- B. Decisions in connection with licensing or transfer agreements -- 1. Non-competition clauses and scope of patent rights -- 2. Restrictions on export -- 3. Implied guarantees as to the working of the licensed technology -- 4. Licences for certain acts of use -- 5. Obligations to use the licensed technology -- V. The special case of exhaustion -- A. Introduction -- B. Patents -- 1. Legislation -- 2. Court decisions -- C. Trade marks -- 1. Legislation -- 2. Court decisions -- D. Copyrights -- 1. Legislation -- 2. Court decisions -- E. Antitrust law -- F. Customs regulations -- 1. Trade marks -- 2. Patent rights -- Notes -- PART II Intellectual property rights and competition law in smaller and medium sized open economies -- 5 Intellectual property rights and competition in Australia -- I. Provisions in intellectual property statutes -- A. Introduction -- B. Compulsory licensing -- 1. Patents -- 2. Copyright -- 3. Designs -- C. Parallel importation -- D. Restrictions in patent licences -- II. Framework of competition law -- A. Scheme of the Australian Trade Practices Act -- B. Provisions specific to intellectual property -- Section 51(1)(a) -- Section 51(3) -- Limitations of section 51(3) -- 'Relates to' -- Evaluation of the 'relates to' test in section 51(3) -- III. Proposals for change to section 51(3) -- A. National Competition Council (1999) -- B. Intellectual Property and Competition Review Committee (2000) -- 1. Effect of IPCRC recommendation - the lessening of competition test -- 2. Efficiencies and the competition test -- C. Government's response to IPCRC recommendation -- IV. Application of competition law to intellectual property -- A. Preliminary observations -- B. Proceedings for infringement -- C. Refusal to license -- D. Pricing -- High fees.

Discriminatory pricing -- E. Acquisition -- F. Collective licensing -- G. Joint research and development -- H. Conditions in licences -- 1. General -- 2. Restrictions that carve up the property and/or give the licensee exclusivity -- 3. Pricing restrictions -- 4. Tying and bundling -- V. Two lessons from Australian competition law -- A. A statutory exemption for some dealings in intellectual property is not useful -- B. The utility of guidelines depends on why? who? how? -- Notes -- 6 Irish competition law and IP rights -- I. The competition law regime -- A. Introduction -- B. The constitutional context -- C. EC competition law and Irish competition law -- D. The competition rules -- 1. The prohibitions -- 2. Mergers -- 3. Institutions -- II. Intellectual property law and competition law -- A. The constitutional and EC context -- B. Authority decisions -- 1. Exclusivity -- 2. Software licensing -- 3. Mergers and sale of business -- 4. Vertical agreements -- 5. Collecting societies -- III. Conclusion -- Notes -- 7 The interface between intellectual property law and competition law in Singapore -- I. Overview: IP and competition laws within the Singapore legal framework -- II. Exogenous vs. endogenous limits placed on the exercise of intellectual property rights -- III. Copyright law in Singapore -- A. Copyright law - the fair dealing defence -- B. Copyright law - defences for copyright infringement of artistic works -- C. Copyright law - parallel imports -- D. Copyright law - compulsory licences -- IV. Patent law in Singapore -- A. Patent law - claims, specifications and infringement by variants -- B. Patent law - parallel imports -- C. Patent law - pharmaceutical products -- D. Patent law - preventing abuse of the patent monopoly -- E. Patent law - compulsory licences -- V. Trade mark law in Singapore.

A. Trade mark law - registration criteria and protectable subject matter.