WORD ORDER TYPOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Table of contents -- 1.0. WORD ORDER TYPOLOGY -- 1.1. Typology as a method of classifying languages -- 1.2. Weil -- 1.2.1. The basic principle of word order -- 1.2.2. Classification of languages based on word order -- 1.2.3. Conclusions -- 1.3. P.W. Schmidt -- 1.4. Greenberg -- 1.4.1. Word order universals -- 1.5. VO/OV typology -- 1.6. Lehmann's explanatory syntax -- 1.6.1. Means of syntax -- 1.6.2. Placement principle -- 1.6.3. Typological characteristics -- 1.6.4. Marked patterns -- 1.6.5. Typological change -- 1.7. Summary -- Endnotes -- 2.0. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF WORD ORDER TYPOLOGY -- 2.1. Word order as a typological criterion -- 2.1.1. Word order as a process of language -- 2.1.2. The geographical patterning of word order phenomena -- 2.1.3. Explanation of the type and exceptions to the type -- 2.1.4. The function of word order -- 2.1.5. Conclusions -- 2.2. Typological characteristics -- 2.2.1. Negative and interrogative markers -- 2.2.2. Tense markers -- 2.2.3. Adpositions -- 2.2.4. Assimilation -- 2.2.5. Capping -- 2.2.6. The penthouse principle -- 2.2.7. Conclusions -- 2.3. Placement of modifiers -- 2.3.1. Compound -- 2.3.2. Enclavement -- 2.3.3. Hyperbaton -- 2.3.4. Explanatory appositive -- 2.3.5. Seiler 1960 -- 2.3.6. Conclusions -- 2.4. Marking -- 2.4.1. Markedness -- 2.4.2. Parameters affecting word order -- 2.4.2.1. Expression of modalities -- 2.4.2.2. Difference between clause types -- 2.4.2.3. Expression of basic syntactic functions -- 2.4.2.4. Expression of thematic ordering -- 2.4.2.5. Expression of focus -- 2.4.2.6. Weight of constituents -- 2.4.2.7. Expression of iconic cohesion -- 2.4.2.8. Pronominal ization -- 2.4.3. Conclusion -- 2.5. Word order change -- 2.5.1. Contact.

2 5.2. Disambiguation -- 2.5.3. Grammaticalization -- 2.5.4. Afterthought -- 2.5.5. Conclusion -- 2.6. Summary -- Endnotes -- 3.0. WORD ORDER WITHIN COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS -- 3.1. Current views -- 3.1.1. Importance of the comparative construction -- 3.1.2. Motivation for the word order within comparative constructions -- 3.1.3. Marker and pivot -- 3.1.4. The comparative construction as a constituent -- 3.2. Jensen 1934 -- 3.2.1. A is big, B is small -- 3.2.2. A is big, B is not (big) -- 3.2.3. A and B, A is big -- 3.2.4. A is big compared with B -- 3.2.5. A is big from B -- 3.2.6. A surpasses B in size -- 3.2.7. A is more big with respect to B -- 3.2.8. A is bigger than B -- 3.2.8.1. Prepositional (/postpositional) construction -- 3.2.8.2. Case construction -- 3.2.8.3. Particle construction -- 3.2.9. The various types of comparative constructions -- 3.3. A reanalysis -- 3.3.1. The comparative adjective -- 3.3.2. The adjective -- 3.3.3. Link -- 3.3.4. Marker -- 3.3.5. Types of comparative constructions -- 3.3.6. Secondary construction types -- 3.4. Motivation for the word order in comparative constructions -- 3.4.1. Case construction -- 3.4.2. Adpositional construction -- 3.4.3. Particle construction -- 3.4.4. Verbal construction -- 3.5. Conclusions -- Endnotes -- 4.0. WORD ORDER OF THE COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN THE RIGVEDA -- 4.1. Results of earlier investigations -- 4.2. Preliminary remarks to an investigation of the word order within the comparative construction in the Rigveda -- 4.2.1. Chronology of the Rigveda -- 4.2.2. Reanalysis of Lehmann and Ratanajoti 1975 -- 4.2.3. Marking and the comparative construction -- 4.2.4. Meter in the Rigveda -- 4.2.4.1. Metrical restoration -- 4.3. Investigation of the comparative constructions in the Rigveda -- 4.3.1. Type I -- 4.3.2. Type II -- 4.3.3. Type III -- 4.3.4. Type IV -- 4.3.5. Type V.

4.3.6. Results -- 4.4. Support -- 4.4.1. Internal support -- 4.4.2. External support - word order in the Brähmanas -- 4.4.2.1. The data -- 4.4.2.2. Results -- 4.4.2.3. Comparison of the order in the Rigveda with the order in later Old Indic Prose texts -- 4.5. Remarks on the notion of marking -- 4.6. Conclusions to chapter four -- Endnotes -- 5.0. DIACHRONIC ASPECTS OF THE WORD ORDER WITHIN COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS -- 5.1. Development of the word order of comparison in Indic -- 5.1.1. Upanisads -- 5.1.1.1. Data -- 5.1.1.2. Comparison with the Brāhmanas -- 5.1.1.3. Results and conclusions -- 5.1.2. Middle Indic -- 5.1.2.1. Data -- 5.1.2.2. Conclusions -- 5.1.3. Modern Indic -- 5.1.4. Summary of the Indic development -- 5.2. Reconstruction of the word order within comparative constructions in PIE -- 5.2.1. Results of previous reconstructions -- 5.2.2. Problems with earlier reconstructions -- 5.2.3. Hittite -- 5.2.4. Latin -- 5.2.5. Creek -- 5.2.6. Old Indic -- 5.2.7. PIE -- 5.3. Conclusions -- Endnotes -- 6.0. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- APPENDICES -- APPENDIX I RIGVEDA -- APPENDIX II OLD INDIC PROSE I: VEDAS -- BRĀHMANAS -- APPENDIX III OLD INDIC PROSE II: UPAN ISADS -- APPENDIX IV MIDDLE INDIC -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF NAMES -- INDEX OF LANGUAGES -- INDEX OF TERMS.