Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 The problem of the lexical categories -- 1.1 A theoretical lacuna -- 1.2 Unanswerable typological questions concerning categories -- 1.3 Categories in other linguistic traditions -- 1.4 Goals, methods, and outline of the current work -- 1.4.1 Goals -- 1.4.2 Background theoretical assumptions -- 1.4.3 Outline of leading ideas -- 2 Verbs as licensers of subjects -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Initial motivations -- 2.3 The distribution of Pred -- 2.4 Copular particles -- 2.5 Inflection for tense -- 2.6 Morphological causatives -- 2.7 Word order differences -- 2.8 Unaccusativity diagnostics -- 2.8.1 Italian -- 2.8.2 Mohawk -- 2.8.3 Hebrew -- 2.8.4 Japanese -- 2.8.5 Conclusion -- 2.9 Adjectives in the decomposition of verbs -- 2.10 Are there languages without verbs? -- 3 Nouns as bearers of a referential index -- 3.1 What is special about nouns? -- 3.2 The criterion of identity -- 3.3 Occurrence with quantifiers and determiners -- 3.4 Nouns in binding and anaphora -- 3.5 Nouns and movement -- 3.6 Nouns as arguments -- 3.7 Nouns must be related to argument positions -- 3.8 Predicate nominals and verbalization -- 3.9 Are nouns universal? -- 3.9.1 Languages that putatively have no words that are ever nouns -- 3.9.2 Languages that putatively have no words that are always nouns -- 4 Adjectives as neither nouns nor verbs -- 4.1 The essence of having no essence -- 4.2 Attributive modification -- 4.2.1 Framing the issues -- 4.2.2 Explaining the basic restrictions -- 4.2.3 Further consequences of the analysis -- 4.2.4 On adjectives that are always or never used attributively -- 4.3 Adjectives and degree heads -- 4.4 Resultative secondary predication -- 4.4.1 The basic analysis -- 4.4.2 Crosslinguistic variations.

4.5 Adjectives and adverbs -- 4.6 Are adjectives universal? -- 4.6.1 Are there languages with two kinds of adjectives? -- 4.6.2 Are there languages that have nouns instead of adjectives? -- 4.6.3 Are there languages with verbs instead of adjectives? -- 5 Lexical categories and the nature of the grammar -- 5.1 What has a category? -- 5.2 Categories and the architecture of the grammar -- 5.2.1 Syntax, morphology, and the lexicon -- 5.2.2 Syntax and semantics -- 5.3 Why are the lexical categories universal? -- 5.4 Final remarks -- Appendix Adpositions as functional categories -- A.1 Evidence that adpositions are functional -- A.2 The place of adpositions in a typology of categories -- A.2.1 PPs are adjuncts -- A.2.2 PPs are not predicates -- A.2.3 PPs are not arguments -- A.2.4 A fuller typology of categories -- References -- Index.