Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Plastic Materials -- Chapter 1 The Anthropocene -- 1.1 Energy Futures -- 1.1.1 Fossil Fuel Energy -- 1.1.1.1 Oil -- 1.1.1.2 Coal -- 1.1.1.3 Gas -- 1.1.1.4 Nuclear Energy -- 1.1.2 Renewable Energy -- 1.1.2.1 Wind Energy -- 1.1.2.2 Solar Energy -- 1.1.2.3 Solar Biomass Energy -- 1.2 Materials Demand in the Future -- 1.2.1 Materials of Construction -- 1.2.2 Metal Resources -- 1.2.3 Critical Materials -- 1.2.4 Plastic Materials -- 1.3 Environmental Pollution -- 1.3.1 Classifying Pollution Impacts -- 1.3.2 Climate Change and Global Warming -- References -- Chapter 2 A Sustainability Primer -- 2.1 The Precautionary Principle -- 2.1.1 Objectives in Sustainability -- 2.2 Microeconomics of Sustainability: The Business Enterprise -- 2.3 Models on Implementing Sustainability -- 2.4 Life Cycle Analysis -- 2.5 The Emerging Paradigm and the Plastics Industry -- 2.5.1 Examples from Plastics Industry -- 2.5.1.1 Using the Minimum Energy Needed to Manufacture Products -- 2.5.1.2 Using the Energy Mix with a Minimal Environmental Footprint -- 2.5.1.3 Recovering Waste Process Energy for Reuse -- 2.5.1.4 Using Only as Much Material as Is Needed to Ensure Functionality -- 2.5.1.5 Using More of Renewable and Recycled Raw Materials -- 2.5.1.6 Reusing and Recycling Postuse Products -- 2.5.1.7 Minimizing Externalities at Source: Green Chemistry -- 2.5.1.8 Avoiding Toxic Components and Potential Hazards Associated with Products and Processes -- 2.5.1.9 Converting the Pollutants into Resources -- References -- Chapter 3 An Introduction to Plastics -- 3.1 Polymer Molecules -- 3.1.1 Size of Polymer Molecules -- 3.2 Consequences of Long-Chain Molecular Architecture -- 3.2.1 Molecular Weight of Chain Molecules -- 3.2.2 Tacticity -- 3.2.3 Partially Crystalline Plastics.

3.2.4 Chain Branching and Cross-Linking -- 3.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature -- 3.3 Synthesis of Polymers -- 3.3.1 Addition or Chain Growth Reaction -- 3.3.2 Condensation or Step Growth Reaction -- 3.3.3 Copolymers -- 3.4 Testing of Polymers -- 3.4.1 Tensile Properties -- 3.4.2 Thermal Properties: DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) -- 3.4.3 Thermal Properties: TGA -- 3.5 Common Plastics -- 3.5.1 Polyethylenes -- 3.5.2 Polypropylenes -- 3.5.3 Polystyrene -- 3.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) -- References -- Chapter 4 Plastic Products -- 4.1 Plastics: The Miracle Material -- 4.2 Plastic Production, Use, and Disposal -- 4.2.1 From Resin to Products -- 4.2.1.1 Resin Manufacture -- 4.2.1.2 Compounding -- 4.2.1.3 Processing into Product -- 4.3 Processing Methods for Common Thermoplastics -- 4.3.1 Injection Molding -- 4.3.2 Extrusion -- 4.3.3 Blow Molding -- 4.4 The Environmental Footprint of Plastics -- 4.4.1 Energy Considerations in Resin Manufacture -- 4.4.2 Atmospheric Emissions from Plastics Industry -- 4.5 Plastics Additives -- 4.5.1 Fillers for Plastics -- 4.5.2 Plasticizers in PVC -- 4.6 Biopolymer or Bio-Derived Plastics -- 4.6.1 Bio-Based Plastics and Sustainability -- 4.6.2 Emerging Bio-Based Plastics -- 4.6.2.1 Bio-PE -- 4.6.2.2 Bio-PET -- 4.6.2.3 PLA -- 4.6.2.4 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) -- 4.6.2.5 Bio-Based Thermosets: PU -- References -- Chapter 5 Societal Benefits of Plastics -- 5.1 Transportation Applications of Plastics -- 5.1.1 Passenger Cars -- 5.1.2 Air and Sea Transport -- 5.2 Benefits from Plastic Packaging -- 5.2.1 Waste Reduction -- 5.2.2 Chemical and Microbial Protection -- 5.3 Plastics in Agriculture -- 5.4 Building Industry Applications -- 5.4.1 Pipes, Conduit, and Cladding -- 5.4.2 Extruded PVC Cladding and Window Frames -- 5.4.3 Foam Insulation -- 5.4.4 Wood-Plastic Composites -- 5.5 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM).

5.6 Using Plastics Sustainably -- References -- Chapter 6 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment -- 6.1 Defining Degradability -- 6.2 Chemistry of Light-Induced Degradation -- 6.2.1 Light-Initiated Photo-Oxidation in PE and PP -- 6.2.2 Embrittlement and Fragmentation -- 6.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects on Degradation -- 6.2.4 Wavelength-Dependent Photodamage -- 6.2.5 Testing Plastics for Photodegradability -- 6.3 Enhanced Photodegradable Polyolefins -- 6.3.1 Effects of Photodegradation on Biodegradation -- 6.4 Biodegradation of Polymers -- 6.4.1 Terminology and Definitions -- 6.4.2 Biodegradable Plastics -- 6.4.3 Testing Readily Biodegradable Plastics -- 6.5 Biodegradability of Common Polymers -- 6.5.1 Additives that Enhance Degradation in Common Polymers -- 6.5.2 Degradable Plastics and Sustainable Development -- References -- Chapter 7 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals -- 7.1 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Used in Plastics Industry -- 7.2 BPA {2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propane} -- 7.2.1 Exposure to BPA -- 7.2.2 Effects of Exposure to BPA -- 7.2.3 Dose-Response Relationships of BPA -- 7.2.4 Safe Levels of BPA -- 7.2.5 Contrary Viewpoint on BPA -- 7.2.6 Environmental Sustainability and BPA -- 7.3 Phthalate Plasticizers -- 7.3.1 Exposure to Phthalates -- 7.3.2 Toxicity of Phthalates -- 7.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Phthalates -- 7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) -- 7.4.1 Toxicity of PBDEs -- 7.4.2 Environmental Sustainability and PBDE -- 7.5 Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates (APE) -- 7.6 EDCs and PET Bottles -- References -- Chapter 8 Plastics and Health Impacts -- 8.1 Packaging versus the Contents -- 8.1.1 Packaging Milk in HDPE -- 8.1.2 Overpackaging -- 8.2 Package-Food Interactions -- 8.2.1 Oxygen and Water Permeability -- 8.2.2 Additive Migration and Toxicity -- 8.2.3 Residual Monomer in Packaging Resin.

8.2.4 Scalping of Flavor Components -- 8.3 Styrene and Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Materials -- 8.3.1 Exposure to Styrene from Packaging -- 8.3.2 Leachate from PET Bottles -- 8.4 Ranking Common Plastics -- 8.4.1 PVC -- References -- Chapter 9 Managing Plastic Waste -- 9.1 Recovery of Waste -- 9.1.1 Material Recycling -- 9.1.2 Feedstock Recovery -- 9.1.3 Energy Recovery -- 9.2 Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Feedstock Recovery -- 9.2.1 Direct Thermolysis -- 9.2.2 Hydrogenation or hydrocracking -- 9.2.3 Gasification -- 9.2.3.1 Thermal Gasification -- 9.2.3.2 Plasma Arc Gasification -- 9.2.4 Feedstock Recycling -- 9.2.5 Landfilling -- 9.2.6 Plastics Waste Incineration -- 9.2.7 Biological Recovery Technologies -- 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management Choices -- 9.4 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics -- 9.4.1 Recycling: A Sustainable Choice -- 9.5 Recycling Bottles: Beverage Bottles and Jugs -- 9.5.1 Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling -- 9.5.2 Open-Loop Recycling -- 9.5.3 Recycling of HDPE -- 9.6 Designing for Recyclability -- References -- Chapter 10 Plastics in the Oceans -- 10.1 Origins of Plastics in the Ocean -- 10.2 Weathering of Plastics in the Ocean Environment -- 10.2.1 Beach (Supralittoral) Zone -- 10.2.2 Surface Water Zone -- 10.2.3 Deep Water and Sediment Zones -- 10.2.3.1 Comparison of the Weathering Rates in Different Zones -- 10.3 Microplastic Debris -- 10.3.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics -- 10.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutant in Microplastics -- 10.3.3 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Species -- 10.4 Ocean Litter and Sustainability -- References -- Index -- EULA.