Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of reviewers -- List of authors -- Prolegomena: Probing the past and facing the future -- Chapter 1: Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Minoan Era -- 1.1 Prolegomena -- 1.2 Physical Setting of the Island Crete -- 1.2.1 Location -- 1.2.2 Climatic conditions -- 1.2.3 Hydrology -- 1.3 Major Sanitary Technologies in Minoan Era -- 1.3.1 Use of harvested water in minoan crete -- 1.3.2 Sewerage and drainage systems -- 1.3.3 Bathrooms and lustral basins -- 1.3.4 Roads -- 1.3.5 Toilets or lavatories -- 1.3.6 Outlets and disposal and reuse sites -- 1.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- 1.5 References -- Chapter 2: Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600-1900 BC) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Physical Settings -- 2.3 History, Culture, and Town Planning of Indus Valley Civilization -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 History -- 2.3.3 Culture -- 2.3.4 Town planning -- 2.4 Water and Sanitation -- 2.4.1 The great bath -- 2.4.2 Water treatment -- 2.4.3 Baths and wells -- 2.4.4 Drainage system -- 2.4.5 Irrigation system -- 2.4.6 Rainwater harvesting and storage system -- 2.4.7 Public toilets -- 2.4.8 Dockyard at Lothal -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 2.6 References -- Chapter 3: Sanitation and water management in ancient South Asia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Wastewater Management During the Harappan Period -- 3.2.1 Indus Valley palaeogeography and culture -- 3.2.2 Sanitation centralised systems -- 3.2.3 Sanitation decentralised systems -- 3.2.4 Harappan wastewater management perspectives -- 3.3 Wastewater Management During Early Historic Times -- 3.3.1 Northern and Central South Asia -- 3.3.2 Southern South Asia -- 3.4 Discussion: Cultural and Technical Innovations and Diffusions in Ancient South Asia -- 3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- 3.6 References.

Chapter 4: Evolution of sanitation and wastewater technologies in Egypt through centuries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Historical perspective -- 4.1.2 Evolution of sanitation in ancient time -- 4.2 Sanitation in Ancient Egypt -- 4.3 Domestic Wastewater Treatment in the Modern World -- 4.3.1 International level -- 4.3.2 Trends in the development of wastewater services in Egypt -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 4.5 References -- Chapter 5: Sanitation and wastewater in the Central Andean Region, Peru: An overview from Pre-Columbian and Colonial times to nowadays -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 The environment -- 5.1.2 Indicative timeline -- 5.1.3 Population development -- 5.1.4 Water qualities over time -- 5.1.5 Water availability versus demand -- 5.2 Pre-Columbian Era (ca. 3000 BC to 1532 AD) -- 5.2.1 Eradication of hunger -- 5.2.2 No water-related diseases -- 5.3 From the Spanish Colony (1532-1821) to Early Republican Times Around the Beginning of the XX Century -- 5.3.1 Colonial settlements -- 5.3.2 Water resources management -- 5.3.3 Urban water supply and sanitation -- 5.3.4 Rural water supply and sanitation -- 5.4 From Around the Beginning of the XX Century Till Today -- 5.4.1 Snap-shots of water supply and sanitation development -- 5.4.2 Protection of water sources, pollution hazards, and water qualities -- 5.4.3 Actual developments and trends -- 5.5 Conclusion -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6: History of urban wastewater and stormwater sanitation technologies in Hellas -- 6.1 Prolegomena -- 6.2 Prehistoric Times -- 6.2.1 Minoan crete -- 6.2.2 Other locations -- 6.3 Historical Times -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Classical period -- 6.3.3 Hellenistic period -- 6.3.4 Roman period (ca. 67 BC-330 AD) -- 6.4 Medieval Times -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 The Byzantine period (ca. 330-1453 AD) -- 6.4.3 The Venetian period (ca. 1204-1669 AD) -- 6.5 Modern Times.

6.5.1 The Ottoman period (ca. mid 14th-1923 AD) -- 6.5.2 The Present times (1900 AD to the present) -- 6.6 Future Trends -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- 6.8 References -- Chapter 7: Evolution of sanitation and wastewater technologies in Iran through the centuries: Past and present -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Traditional Wastewater Disposal Systems in Urban and Rural Regions of Iran -- 7.2.1 Coastal regions near Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea -- 7.2.2 Central regions -- 7.2.3 Mountains -- 7.3 Absorbing Well (Septic and Leaching Cesspool or Cesspit) -- 7.3.1 The location of absorbing well within the building -- 7.3.2 Discharge of absorbing wells -- 7.3.3 The role of absorbing wells in treating domestic wastewater -- 7.3.4 Problems and consequences of absorbing wells -- 7.3.5 Operation and maintenance of absorbing wells -- 7.3.6 Social acceptability -- 7.3.7 The overall economic impacts -- 7.4 Sanitation -- 7.4.1 Comparison between the traditional Iranian baths with those of other nations Common traits -- 7.4.2 The architecture of ancient baths in Iran -- 7.4.3 The bath's spatial connection -- 7.4.4 The climatology of traditional baths -- 7.4.5 The bath's position at the construction site -- 7.4.6 Materials used in the construction of the baths -- 7.4.7 Heating system in traditional baths -- 7.4.8 Water supply -- 7.4.9 Light and lighting -- 7.4.10 Decoration of bath -- 7.4.11 Frameworks and arches -- 7.4.12 Hoorno -- 7.4.13 Bathing rites and customs -- 7.4.14 Customs inside the bath -- 7.4.15 Bathing materials -- 7.4.16 People working in public baths -- 7.4.17 The time for using public baths in the past -- 7.4.18 Ancient baths in Iran -- 7.5 Present Situation -- 7.5.1 Management -- 7.5.2 Technologies -- 7.5.3 Achievements -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 7.7 References.

Chapter 8: Sanitation and wastewater and stormwater management in ancient Kingdom of Macedonia, Hellas -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General Characteristics and Water Supply -- 8.3 Sanitation and Wastewater Hydraulic Works in Ancient Macedonia -- 8.3.1 Aigai (Vergina) -- 8.3.2 Pella -- 8.3.3 Dion -- 8.3.4 Olynthus -- 8.3.5 Thessaloniki -- 8.3.6 Amphipolis -- 8.3.7 Philippoi -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 References -- Chapter 9: The history of the development of urban sanitation and wastewater technologies in Cyprus -- 9.1 Prolegomena -- 9.2 Physical Setting -- 9.2.1 Location -- 9.2.2 Climatic conditions -- 9.3 Hydrology -- 9.3.1 Precipitation -- 9.3.2 Air temperatures -- 9.3.3 Winds -- 9.4 Development of Sanitation and Wastewater through the Mellenia -- 9.4.1 Prehistoric Times -- 9.4.2 Historical Times -- 9.4.3 Medieval times -- 9.4.4 Modern times (1571-1960 AD) -- 9.4.5 Present time (Republic of Cyprus) (1960-today) -- 9.5 Epilogue -- 9.6 References -- Chapter 10: The history of sanitation and wastewater management in Portugal -- 10.1 Historical Context -- 10.2 Middle Ages Sanitation in Portugal -- 10.3 Sanitation in Recent Times: Evacuation, Drainage and Treatment -- 10.4 Example of Sustainable Sanitation in Portugal the Christ Convent -- 10.4.1 Introduction -- 10.5 Water Supply to the Castle and the Monastery -- 10.5.1 Rain water supply -- 10.5.2 Water supply of the monastery by an aqueduct -- 10.5.3 Storage and distribution of water -- 10.5.4 Runoff and drainage -- 10.6 Sewage Drainage and Treatment -- 10.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- 10.8 References -- Chapter 11: From Volubilis to Fez: Water, witnessed a transfer of an International Heritage -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Volubilis Hydraulic System -- 11.2.1 Public fountains -- 11.2.2 Volubilis houses -- 11.2.3 Thermal baths -- 11.2.4 Latrines.

11.3 Management and Maintenance of the Volubilis Hydraulic System -- 11.4 Fes Hydraulic System -- 11.4.1 Mosques and Islamic schools -- 11.4.2 Fez houses -- 11.4.3 Public latrines -- 11.4.4 Handicraft -- 11.4.5 Bathhouse -- 11.5 The Issue of Maintenance of the Fez Hydraulic System: The Al-Fachtali Model -- 11.5.1 The legal constraints of the model -- 11.5.2 The mathematical formulation of the model -- 11.5.3 The terminological aspects of the problem -- 11.5.4 Scope and contributions of the mathematical model of al-Fachtali -- 11.6 Similarities between Fes and Volubilis Hydraulic Systems -- 11.7 Evolution of the Hydraulic System of Fes and Volubilis -- 11.8 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- 11.9 References -- Chapter 12: Sanitation and wastewater technologies in ancient Roman cities -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies in Pompeii -- 12.2.1 Toilets and cesspits -- 12.2.2 Drainage and sewerage systems -- 12.3 Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies in Herculaneum -- 12.3.1 Toilets and cesspits -- 12.3.2 Drainage and sewerage systems -- 12.4 Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies in Ostia -- 12.4.1 Toilets and cesspits -- 12.4.2 Drainage and sewerage systems -- 12.5 Conclusions -- 12.6 References -- Chapter 13: The sanitary system in ancient Roman civilization: An insight on Tunisia -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 A historical glimpse on Roman Tunisia (Africa Proconsularis) -- 13.1.2 Chapter structure and scope -- 13.2 Water Resources and Supply -- 13.3 Sanitary System in Roman Tunisia -- 13.3.1 Sanitary system and urban planning -- 13.3.2 Access to sanitation and social considerations -- 13.4 Connection to Sewers and Wastewater Collection -- 13.4.1 Public premises -- 13.4.2 Private houses -- 13.5 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse -- 13.6 Roman Sanitary System and Public Health -- 13.7 Conclusion.

13.8 Sanitary Facilities in Selected Roman Cities in Tunisia.