Half Title -- Dedication -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Cognitive Strategies for Green Two-Tier Cellular Networks: A Critical Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Spectrum Awareness and Victim Detection -- 1.2.1 Sensing and LTE User Detection -- 1.2.2 Architectures towards Geographical-Based Interference Mapping -- 1.3 Dynamic Radio Resource Management -- 1.4 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing -- 1.4.1 Underlay Spectrum Access -- 1.4.2 Interweave Spectrum Access -- 1.4.3 Overlay Spectrum Access -- 1.5 Green Cognitive Femtocell Networks -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Lines of Research -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 A Survey of Contemporary Technologies for Smart Home Energy Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Bringing Smart Grids to Green Smart Homes -- 2.1.2 Home Energy Management and Home Area Networks -- 2.1.3 Benefits of HEM -- 2.2 Background On Demand Response (DR) and ­Demand-Side Management (DSM) Programs -- 2.3 HAN Communications and Network Technologies -- 2.3.1 Wired HANs -- 2.3.2 Wireless HANs -- 2.4 HEM Hardware -- 2.5 System Architecture and Challenges in Designing Future HEMs -- 2.5.1 Sensor and Control Devices -- 2.5.2 Intelligent Power Management Platform (IPMP) -- 2.5.3 Monitor and Control System -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Embedded Computing in the Emerging Smart Grid -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 Overview of Smart Grid Features and ­Applications -- 3.2.1 Analysis and Control in the Smart Grid -- 3.2.2 Sensing and Measurement Infrastructure -- 3.2.3 Communication and Security -- 3.3 State-of-the-ART Processors -- 3.3.1 Intel Atom -- 3.3.2 ARM -- 3.3.2.1 ARM926EJ-S -- 3.3.2.2 ARM Cortex A-8 -- 3.4 Processor Design Methodology -- 3.4.1 Processor Simulation Frameworks -- 3.4.1.1Casper -- 3.4.1.2MPTLSim/PTLSim -- 3.4.1.3MV5.

3.4.2 Microarchitectural Design Space Exploration -- 3.5 Open Research Questions -- References -- 4 IEEE 802.15.4 Based Wireless Sensor Network Design for Smart Grid Communications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Role of WSN in Smart Grid Communications -- 4.3 The IEEE 802.15 Technologies: Wireless Personal Area Networks -- 4.4 Research Efforts on the Legacy IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Personal Area Network -- 4.4.1 LR-WPAN Studies and Challenges -- 4.4.1.1 Wireless Impairments -- 4.4.1.2 Data Packet Length and Data Delivery -- 4.4.1.3 CSMA-CA Contention Collision (CC) -- 4.4.1.4 Hidden Node Collision (HNC) and Exposed Node Problem (ENP) -- 4.4.2 Demonstration Environments and Related Works -- 4.4.2.1 Operation Modes (Beacon-Enabled Versus Beaconless) -- 4.4.2.2 CAP and CFP (with GTS) Management -- 4.4.2.3 SO and BO Measurement -- 4.4.2.4 ED and LQI Assessment -- 4.4.2.5 CCA Determination -- 4.4.2.6 NB, BE, and CW Examination -- 4.4.2.7 Fairness -- 4.4.2.8 Routing Arrangement -- 4.4.2.9 Security and Privacy -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Smart Grid ­Communications Networks: Wireless ­Technologies, Protocols, Issues, and Standards 1 -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN) -- 5.2.1 An Overview of SG -- 5.2.2 Overall Architecture of SGCN -- 5.2.2.1 Home Area Network (HAN) -- 5.2.2.2 Neighbor Area Network (NAN) -- 5.2.2.3 Wide Area Network (WAN) -- 5.2.3 QoS Requirements in SGCN -- 5.2.3.1 Meter Reads -- 5.2.3.2 Demand Response (DR) -- 5.2.3.3 Connects and Disconnects -- 5.2.3.4 Synchrophasor (Synchronized Phasor Measurements) -- 5.2.3.5 Substation Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) -- 5.2.3.6 Inter-Substation Communications -- 5.2.3.7 Substation Surveillance -- 5.2.3.8 Fault Location, Isolation, and Restoration (FLIR) for Distribution Grids -- 5.2.3.9 Operation Optimization for Distribution Grids.

5.2.3.10 Workforce Access for Distribution Grids -- 5.2.3.11 Protection for Microgrids -- 5.2.3.12 Operation Optimization for Microgrids -- 5.3 Wireless Communications Technologies for SGCN -- 5.3.1 HAN -- 5.3.1.1 ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 -- 5.3.1.2 Wi-Fi -- 5.3.2 NAN -- 5.3.2.1 IEEE 802.15.4g SUN -- 5.3.2.2 Wi-Fi -- 5.3.2.3 3G/4G Cellular -- 5.3.2.4 WiMAX -- 5.3.3 WAN -- 5.3.3.1 3G/4G Cellular -- 5.3.3.2 WiMAX -- 5.3.3.3 Wi-Fi -- 5.4 Wireless Networking in NAN -- 5.4.1 Characteristics and Requirements of NAN -- 5.4.2 A Review on Wireless Routing Protocols -- 5.4.3 Existing Routing Protocols Proposed for NAN -- 5.4.4 Open Issues in NAN -- 5.4.4.1 Downlink Communications -- 5.4.4.2 QoS Differentiation and Provisioning -- 5.4.4.3 Network Self-Healing -- 5.4.4.4 Multicasting -- 5.4.4.5 Cluster-Based Routing -- 5.4.4.6 Network Design -- 5.5 Smart Grid Standards -- 5.5.1 NIST and Its Activities on SG Standards -- 5.5.2 A Review on Standards for SG -- 5.5.2.1 IEEE P2030 -- 5.5.2.2 ANSI C12.18 -- 5.5.2.3 ANSI C12.19 -- 5.5.2.4 ANSI C12.22 -- 5.5.2.5 M-Bus -- 5.5.2.6 SAE J2293 -- 5.5.2.7 SAE J2836 -- 5.5.2.8 SAE J2847 -- 5.5.2.9 Building Automation Control Network (BACnet) -- 5.5.2.10 Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR) -- 5.5.2.11 Demand Response Business Network (DRBizNet) -- 5.5.2.12 IEC 61850 -- 5.5.2.13 DNP3 -- 5.5.2.14 IEEE 1547 -- 5.5.2.15 IEC 61850-7-420 -- 5.5.2.16 IEC 61400-25 -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Intercell Interference Coordination: Towards a Greener Cellular Network* -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Interference Issues in Multicell Systems -- 6.2.1 Frequency Reuse and the Problem of Interference in Homogeneous Cellular Systems -- 6.2.2 Cochannel Deployment of Heterogeneous Small-Cell Networks -- 6.2.3 BS Coordination for Interference Management in Multicell Systems -- 6.2.3.1 Homogeneous Network Deployment.

6.2.3.2 Small-Cell Heterogeneous Network Deployment -- 6.3 Interference Management Techniques in Homogeneous Cellular Systems -- 6.3.1 Power Control of CDMA-Based Multicell Networks -- 6.3.2 Joint Subchannel and Power Allocation in Multicell OFDMA Systems -- 6.4 Coordinated Multiple Point: Recent Advances in Homogeneous Multicell Interference Management -- 6.4.1 System Model for Downlink CoMP -- 6.4.2 CoMP for Power Minimization -- 6.4.2.1 Interference Aware -- 6.4.2.2 Interference Coordination and Joint Signal Processing -- 6.4.3 CoMP for Rate Maximization -- 6.4.3.1 Interference Aware -- 6.4.3.2 Interference Coordination and Joint Signal Processing -- 6.5 Advanced Interference Coordination Techniques for Femtocell Networks -- 6.5.1 CDMA-Based Femtocells -- 6.5.2 OFDMA-Based Femtocells -- 6.6 Multicell Interference Coordination with Explicit Energy-Efficient Design Objective -- 6.6.1 Trade-off between Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency -- 6.6.2 Energy-Efficient Interference Management in Multicell Networks -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.7.1 Chapter Summary -- 6.7.2 Some Potential Research Directions -- References -- 7 Energy-Efficient Green Radio Communications for Delay Tolerant Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Why Green Design Is Important for Wireless Systems -- 7.1.2 Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Techniques in the Literature -- 7.1.3 Related Work on Cross-Layer Green Adaptive Techniques -- 7.2 System Models -- 7.2.1 Traffic Model -- 7.2.2 Channel Model -- 7.3 A Decision Theoretic Formulation -- 7.3.1 States -- 7.3.2 Actions -- 7.3.3 Transition Probabilities -- 7.3.4 Costs -- 7.3.5 Observations -- 7.3.6 Observation Probabilities -- 7.4 Solution Techniques and Policy -- 7.4.1 Fully Observable Optimal Policy (FOOP) -- 7.4.2 Maximum-Likelihood Heuristic Policy (MLHP) -- 7.5 Results -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References.

Green Computing and Communication Architecture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Green Computing and Governmental Effort -- 8.2.1 Energy Star -- 8.2.2 Electronics Energy Efficiency Effort -- 8.2.3 The TIP Program -- 8.2.4 EPEAT Program -- 8.3 Energy-Based Monitoring Architecture for Green Computing -- 8.3.1 Study of Power Consumption in Traditional PC Architecture -- 8.3.2 Energy Monitoring -- 8.3.3 Extensible Computing Architecture -- 8.3.4 Best Practices for Sustainable Green Computing System Design -- 8.3.4.1 Understanding Business Objectives -- 8.3.4.2 Understanding Power Consumption and Impact -- 8.3.4.3 Developing a Monitoring Strategy -- 8.3.4.4 Build Environment Sustainability into Configuration Management -- 8.3.5 Incorporating Alternative Energy in the Basic BTS Architecture -- 8.4 Green Communication Protocols and Models -- 8.4.1 Cognitive Radio -- 8.4.2 First Order Radio Model (FORM) -- 8.4.3 Direct Communication Protocol (DCP) -- 8.4.4 Minimum Transmission Energy (MTE) Protocol -- 8.4.5 Clustering -- 8.4.6 System Power Consumption (SPC) -- 8.4.7 Network Topology and Operation -- 8.4.8 Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Protocol -- 8.4.9 Network Elements-Power Amplifier (PA) -- 8.4.10 Wireless Network Distributed Computing (WNDC) -- 8.4.11 Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) -- 8.5 Designing Green Computing Models -- 8.5.1 Green Processor Design -- 8.5.2 Greening Data Centers -- 8.5.3 Green Supercomputing -- 8.5.4 Web Services Based SaaS and the Cloud -- 8.5.5 Green Operating Systems (OS) -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Green Computing Platforms for Biomedical Systems -- 9.1 Introduction to Green Computing in the Biomedical Field -- 9.1.1 Implantable Devices -- 9.1.2 Embedded Platforms -- 9.1.3 Servers -- 9.2 Survey of Green Computing Platforms -- 9.2.1 Implantable Devices -- 9.2.2 Embedded Platforms -- 9.2.2.1 Intel Atom.

9.2.2.2 NVidia Tegra APX 2500.