Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings -- Contents -- About the editors -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Evolution to net-zero energy buildings -- 1.1.1 Net ZEB concepts -- 1.1.2 Design of smart Net ZEBs and modeling issues -- 1.2 Scope of this book -- References -- 2. Modeling and design of Net ZEBs as integrated energy systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Passive design, energy efficiency, thermal dynamics, and comfort -- 2.1.2 Detailed frequency domain wall model and transfer functions -- 2.1.2.1 Distributed parameter model for multilayered wall -- 2.1.2.2 Admittance transfer functions for walls -- 2.1.3 Z-Transfer function method -- 2.1.4 Detailed zone model and building transfer functions -- 2.1.4.1 Analysis of building transfer functions -- 2.1.4.2 Heating/cooling load and room temperature calculation -- 2.1.4.3 Discrete Fourier Series (DFS) method for simulation -- 2.1.5 Building transient response analysis -- 2.1.5.1 NomenclatureSymbols -- 2.2 Renewable energy generation systems/technologies integrated in Net ZEBs -- 2.2.1 Building-integrated photovoltaics as an enabling technology for Net ZEBs -- 2.2.1.1 Technologies -- 2.2.1.2 Modeling -- 2.2.2 Solar thermal systems -- 2.2.2.1 Solar thermal collectors -- 2.2.2.2 Modeling of solar thermal collectors -- 2.2.2.3 Thermal storage tanks -- 2.2.2.4 Modeling of thermal storage tanks -- 2.2.2.5 Solar combi-systems -- 2.2.3 Active building-integrated thermal energy storage and panel/radiant heating/cooling systems -- 2.2.3.1 Radiant heating/cooling systems integrated with thermal mass -- 2.2.3.2 Modeling active BITES -- 2.2.3.3 Methods used in two mainstream building simulation software -- 2.2.3.4 Nomenclature -- 2.2.4 Heat pump systems - a promising technology for Net ZEBs -- 2.2.4.1 Solar air-conditioning.

2.2.4.2 Solar assisted/source heat pump systems -- 2.2.4.3 Ground source heat pumps -- 2.2.5 Combined heat and power (CHP) for Net ZEBs -- References -- 3. Comfort considerations in Net ZEBs: theory and design -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Thermal comfort -- 3.2.1 Explicit thermal comfort objectives in Net ZEBs -- 3.2.2 Principles of thermal comfort -- 3.2.2.1 A comfort model based on the heat-balance of the human body -- 3.2.2.2 The adaptive comfort models -- 3.2.2.3 Standards regarding thermal comfort -- 3.2.3 Long-term evaluation of thermal discomfort in buildings -- 3.2.3.1 Background -- 3.2.3.2 The likelihood of dissatisfied -- 3.2.3.3 Applications of the long-term (thermal) discomfort indices -- 3.3 Daylight and visual comfort -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Adaptation luminance -- 3.3.3 Illuminance-based performance metrics -- 3.3.3.1 Daylight autonomy and continuous daylight autonomy -- 3.3.3.2 Useful daylight illuminance -- 3.3.4 Luminance-based performance metrics -- 3.3.4.1 Daylight glare probability -- 3.3.5 Daylight and occupant behavior -- 3.4 Acoustic comfort -- 3.5 Indoor air quality -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Net ZEB design processes and tools -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Integrating modeling tools in the Net ZEB design process -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Overview of phases in Net ZEB realization -- 4.2.3 Tools -- 4.2.4 Concept design -- 4.2.4.1 Daylight -- 4.2.4.2 Solar protection -- 4.2.4.3 Building thermal inertia -- 4.2.4.4 Natural and hybrid ventilation -- 4.2.4.5 Building envelope thermal resistance -- 4.2.4.6 Solar energy technologies integration -- 4.2.5 Design development -- 4.2.5.1 Envelope and thermal inertia -- 4.2.5.2 Daylight -- 4.2.5.3 Plug loads and electric lighting -- 4.2.5.4 RET and HVAC -- 4.2.6 Technical design -- 4.2.7 Integrated design process and project delivery methods -- 4.2.8 Conclusion.

4.3 Net ZEB design tools, model resolution, and design methods -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Model resolution -- 4.3.3 Model resolution for specific building systems and aspects -- 4.3.3.1 Geometry and thermal zoning -- 4.3.3.2 HVAC and active renewable energy systems -- 4.3.3.3 Photovoltaics and building-integrated photovoltaics -- 4.3.3.4 Lighting and daylighting -- 4.3.3.5 Airflow -- 4.3.3.6 Occupant comfort -- 4.3.3.7 Occupant behavior -- 4.3.4 Use of tools in design -- 4.3.4.1 Climate analysis -- 4.3.4.2 Solar design days -- 4.3.4.3 Parametric analysis -- 4.3.4.4 Interactions -- 4.3.4.5 Multidimensional parametric analysis -- 4.3.4.6 Visualization -- 4.3.5 Future needs and conclusion -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5. Building performance optimization of net zero-energy buildings -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 What is BPO? -- 5.1.2 Importance of BPO in Net ZEB design -- 5.2 Optimization fundamentals -- 5.2.1 BPO objectives (single-objective and multi-objective functions) -- 5.2.2 Optimization problem definition -- 5.2.3 Review of optimization algorithms applicable to BPS -- 5.2.4 Integration of optimization algorithms with BPS -- 5.2.5 BPO experts interview -- 5.3 Application of optimization: cost-optimal and nearly zero-energy building -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Case study: single-family house in Finland -- 5.3.3 Results -- 5.3.4 Final considerations about the case study -- 5.4 Application of optimization: a comfortable net-zero energy house -- 5.4.1 Description of the building model -- 5.4.2 The adopted methodology and the statement of the optimization problem -- 5.4.3 Discussion of results -- 5.4.4 Final considerations -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6. Load matching, grid interaction, and advanced control -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Beyond annual energy balance -- 6.1.2 Relevance of LMGI issues.

6.1.2.1 Peak demand and peak power generation -- 6.1.2.2 Load management in the grid and buildings -- 6.1.2.3 Smart grid and other technology drivers -- 6.2 LMGI indicators -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Categories of indicators -- 6.3 Strategies for predictive control and load management -- 6.3.1 Energy storage devices -- 6.3.1.1 Electric energy storage -- 6.3.1.2 Thermal energy storage -- 6.3.2 Predictive control for buildings -- 6.3.2.1 Preliminary steps -- 6.3.2.2 Requirements of building models for control applications -- 6.3.2.3 Modeling of noncontrollable inputs -- 6.3.2.4 Development of a control strategy -- 6.4 Development of models for controls -- 6.4.1 Building components: conduction heat transfer -- 6.4.2 Thermal modeling of an entire building -- 6.4.3 Linear models -- 6.4.3.1 Continuous-time transfer functions -- 6.4.3.2 Discrete-time transfer functions (z-transforms transfer functions) -- 6.4.3.3 Time series models -- 6.4.3.4 State-space representation -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7. Net ZEB case studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 ÉcoTerra -- 7.2.1 Description of ÉcoTerra -- 7.2.2 Design process -- 7.2.2.1 Design objectives -- 7.2.2.2 Design team and design process -- 7.2.2.3 Use of design and analysis tools -- 7.2.2.4 Assessment of the design process -- 7.2.3 Measured performance -- 7.2.4 Redesign study -- 7.2.4.1 Boundary conditions -- 7.2.4.2 Form and fabric -- 7.2.4.3 Operations -- 7.2.4.4 Renewable energy systems -- 7.2.4.5 Simulation results -- 7.2.4.6 Implementation of redesign strategies -- 7.2.5 Conclusions and lessons learned -- 7.3 Leaf house -- 7.3.1 Main features of the leaf house -- 7.3.2 Description of the design process -- 7.3.3 Purposes of the building design -- 7.3.4 Description of the thermal system plant -- 7.3.5 Monitored data -- 7.3.6 Features and limits of the employed model -- 7.3.7 Calibration of the model.

7.3.8 Redesign -- 7.3.9 Conclusions and lessons learned -- 7.4 NREL RSF -- 7.4.1 Introduction to the RSF -- 7.4.2 Key project design features -- 7.4.2.1 Design process -- 7.4.2.2 Envelope -- 7.4.2.3 Daylighting and electric lighting -- 7.4.2.4 Space conditioning system -- 7.4.2.5 Thermal storage labyrinth -- 7.4.2.6 Transpired solar thermal collector -- 7.4.2.7 Natural ventilation -- 7.4.2.8 Building operation, typical monitored data, and thermal performance -- 7.4.2.9 Photovoltaics -- 7.4.2.10 Building simulation software support -- 7.4.2.11 Software limitations -- 7.4.2.12 Significance of the early design stage -- 7.4.3 Abstraction to archetypes -- 7.4.3.1 Model development -- 7.4.3.2 Model validation and calibration -- 7.4.3.3 Integrating design and control for daylighting and solar heat gain - option with controlled shading -- 7.4.4 Alternative design and operation for consideration -- 7.4.4.1 Building-Integrated PV: optimal use of building roof and façade -- 7.4.4.2 Building-integrated PV/T and transpired collector with air-source heat pump -- 7.4.4.3 Active building-integrated thermal energy storage -- 7.4.5 Conclusions -- 7.5 ENERPOS -- 7.5.1 Natural cross-ventilation and ceiling fans -- 7.5.2 Solar shading and daylighting -- 7.5.3 Microclimate measures -- 7.5.4 Materials -- 7.5.5 Ergonomics and interior design -- 7.5.6 Energy efficiency -- 7.5.6.1 Artificial lighting -- 7.5.6.2 Ceiling fans -- 7.5.6.3 Air-conditioning system -- 7.5.6.4 Computer network and plug loads -- 7.5.6.5 Building management system and individual controls -- 7.5.7 Integration of renewable energy technology -- 7.5.8 Description of the design process -- 7.5.8.1 Design objectives and importance of the design brief -- 7.5.8.2 Design team and timeline -- 7.5.8.3 Design tools -- 7.5.8.4 Human factors consideration in the design -- 7.5.9 Monitoring system.

7.5.10 Monitored data.