Cover -- Knowledge of the External World -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- I Descartes -- 1 Descartes and the Method of Doubt -- 2 Critical Remarks on the Method of Doubt -- 3 Descartes' Cogito -- 4 Descartes' Fundamental Principles -- 5 The Development of Descartes' System -- 6 Descartes' Approach to the External World -- 7 Criticisms and Prospects -- II Locke and Berkeley -- 1 Locke on Knowledge -- 2 Locke on Judgment and Opinion -- 3 Locke on the Nature of External Objects -- 4 Berkeley on Secondary Qualities -- 5 Berkeley on Primary Qualities -- 6 Berkeley's Idealism -- III Hume and Solipsism -- 1 Hume's Epistemic Principles -- 2 Hume on Experimental Inference -- 3 Hume and the Road to Solipsism -- 4 Hume's Attitude to Skepticism -- IV Kant and Phenomenalism -- 1 Kant's Classification of Knowledge -- 2 Kant's Copernican Revolution -- 3 More on Objects of Experience -- 4 Kant's Transcendental Deduction -- 5 Some Categories and Principles -- 6 Kant's Transcendental Idealism -- 7 Remarks on Kant's Epistemology -- 8 Phenomenalism -- V A New Start -- 1 Prelude to the "Private Language" Argument -- 2 Wittgenstein's Argument -- 3 On the Common-sense Basis of Wittgenstein's Argument -- 4 Reinventing the Problem -- 5 A Problem About the Self -- 6 Is Reference to a Self Inevitable? -- 7 On Basic Epistemic Principles -- VI Reforming Empiricism -- 1 Problems with an Analytic-Synthetic Distinction -- 2 A Pragmatic Approach to Analyticity -- 3 Observation -- 4 Experimental Inference: Some Problems -- 5 Some Suggested Strategies -- 6 Bayesian Induction -- 7 Applying Bayes' Theorem -- 8 Inductive Probability: An Interpretation -- 9 Prospect -- VII The External World -- 1 Hume's Problem and its Successors -- 2 Chisholm's "Critical Commonsensism" -- 3 Justification by "Coherence".

4 Standards, Ends, and Justification -- 5 Uninferred Premisses and Intellectual Bootstrapping -- 6 Inferring the Existence of the External World -- 7 On Scientific Realism -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.