Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The issue -- 1.2 Diachronic variation in productivity -- 1.3 Summary -- 2 A historiographical conspectus -- 2.1 Productivity and its synonyms -- 2.2 What is productive? -- 2.3 Degrees of productivity -- 2.4 Prerequisites for productivity -- 2.5 The domain of productivity -- 2.6 How to define productivity -- 2.7 Synchrony and diachrony -- 2.8 Competence and performance -- 2.9 Summary -- 3 Fundamental notions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Words: existing, new, potential and probable -- 3.2.1 Existing words -- 3.2.2 New words -- 3.2.3 Potential words -- 3.2.4 Probable words -- 3.3 Lexicalisation -- 3.4 Frequency -- 3.4.1 Type frequency -- 3.4.2 Token frequency -- 3.4.3 The relationship between frequency and productivity -- 3.4.4 The relationship between frequency and markedness -- 3.4.5 The relationship between frequency and lexicalisation -- 3.5 Transparency and opacity -- 3.5.1 Refining the notion of transparency -- 3.5.2 The relationship of transparency to productivity -- 3.6 Regularity -- 3.7 Attestation -- 3.8 Markedness and naturalness -- 3.9 Default -- 3.10 Creativity -- 3.10.1 Simplex words -- 3.10.2 Figurative extension -- 3.10.3 Non-productive creativity -- 3.10.4 Generalising over productivity and creativity -- 3.10.5 How inclusive is creativity? -- 3.11 Paradigm pressure -- 3.12 Analogy -- 3.12.1 Is there any difference between analogy and productivity? First approach -- 3.12.2 Reasons for taking a rule-governed approach to morphology -- 3.12.3 Reasons for taking an analogical approach to morphology -- 3.12.4 Parallel distributed processing -- 3.12.5 Is a compromise possible? -- 3.12.6 Examples -- 3.12.7 Conclusion -- 3.13 A working definition of productivity -- 3.14 Summary.

4 Psycholinguistic evidence about productivity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Storage -- 4.2.1 A research paradigm -- 4.2.2 Inflection -- 4.2.3 Derivation -- 4.2.4 Compounding -- 4.2.5 General discussion -- 4.3 Production and comprehension -- 4.3.1 Inflection -- 4.3.2 Derivation -- 4.3.3 Compounding -- 4.3.4 Morphophonemics -- 4.3.5 General discussion -- 4.4 Summary -- 5 Scalar productivity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Restrictions or constraints -- 5.2.1 Phonological constraints -- 5.2.2 Morphological constraints -- 5.2.3 Syntactic constraints -- 5.2.4 Semantic constraints -- 5.2.5 Lexical constraints -- 5.2.6 Pragmatic constraints -- 5.2.7 Aesthetic constraints -- 5.2.8 Blocking as a constraint -- 5.2.9 Is profitability simply a function of constraints? -- 5.2.10 Constraints on bases or constraints on affixes? -- 5.2.11 Concluding remarks on constraints -- 5.3 Measuring productivity -- 5.3.1 Productivity as equatable with the number of analysable words -- 5.3.2 A first attempt: Aronoff 1976 -- 5.3.3 Including token frequency -- 5.3.4 Reintroducing type-frequency -- 5.3.5 An alternative view -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Exemplification -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Proto-Germanic… -- 6.2.1 Background -- 6.2.2 Danish -- 6.2.3 Dutch -- 6.2.4 English -- 6.2.5 German -- 6.2.6 Comparison -- 6.2.7 Implications -- 6.3 Nominalisations of colour words -- 6.3.1 A problem and an experiment -- 6.3.2 Familiarity of the base -- 6.3.3 Etymology -- 6.3.4 Morphology of the base -- 6.3.5 Number of syllables -- 6.3.6 Discussion and implications -- 6.4 Nominalisation endings in English -- 6.4.1 Minor nominalisation types -- (a) Suffix -t -- b) Suffix -ter -- (c) Suffix -s -- (d) Suffix -th -- (e) Suffix -is -- (f ) Suffix -ency -- (g) Suffix -ancy -- 6.4.2 Moderately successful nominalisation affixes -- 6.4.3 Successful nominalisation processes -- (a) Conversion -- (b) Suffix -ment.

(c) Various suffixes ending in -ion -- 6.4.4 Comparison -- 6.4.5 Relative productivity of different processes -- 6.4.6 Measures of productivity: corpus-based -- 6.4.7 Comparing measures of productivity -- 6.5 Agentive and non-agentive -er -- 6.6 Summary -- 7 Conclusion -- 7.1 Productivity summarised and defined -- 7.1.1 Availability and coinage -- 7.1.2 Profitability -- 7.1.3 The interaction of availability and profitability -- 7.1.4 Productivity defined -- 7.1.5 Discussion and implications -- 7.2 Productivity in other areas of linguistics -- 7.3 Summary -- 7.4 Looking back and looking ahead -- References -- Indexes -- Language index -- Subject index.