1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Standard Notions and Their Problems -- 1.2 Aim of the Book -- 1.3 Plan of the book -- 2 Against the Standard Notions of Literal Meaning and Non-literal Meaning -- 2.1 Literal Meaning and Context-Independence -- 2.1.1 Literal Meaning as Compositional Meaning? -- 2.1.2 Literal Meaning as Context-Independent? -- 2.1.3 Literal Meaning as Primary to Non-literal Meaning? -- 2.2 Non-literal Meaning and Conventionality -- 2.2.1 Empirical Evidence -- 2.2.2 Theoretical Considerations -- 2.3 Consequences for Lexical Meaning -- 2.3.1 Problematic Data -- 2.3.2 Approaches to Meaning in the Lexicon -- 2.3.2.1 The Maximalist Approach -- 2.3.2.2 The Intermediate Approach -- 2.3.3 Semantic Underspecification in the Lexicon -- 2.3.3.1 The Minimalist Approach -- 2.3.3.2 Ruhl's monosemic approach -- 2.3.3.3 A Cognitive Approach -- 2.3.3.4 Underspecification and Conventionality -- 2.3.3.5 Underspecification and Semantic Relations -- 2.3.3.6 More Underspecification in the Lexicon -- 2.3.3.7 Underspecification of Semantic Composition -- 2.4 Empirical Investigations of Aspects of Semantics -- 2.4.1 Polysemy vs. Underspecification in the Lexicon -- 2.4.2 Empirical Evidence for Semantic vs. Pragmatic Processing -- 2.5 Why the Standard Notions? -- 2.6 Summary -- 3 Utterance Meaning and the Literal/Non-literal Distinction -- 3.1 Levels of Meaning -- 3.1.1 Grice's Four Types of Meaning -- 3.1.2 Bierwisch's Three Levels of Meaning -- 3.1.3 Summary -- 3.2 The Problem of Characterising the Level of Utterance Meaning -- 3.2.1 Explicit/Implicit Meaning -- 3.2.1.1 Explicatures -- 3.2.1.2 Implicitures -- 3.2.2 Unarticulated Constituents vs. Hidden Indexicals -- 3.2.3 Minimal Semantic Content and Full Propositionality -- 3.2.4 Minimal Proposition vs. Proposition Expressed -- 3.3 Summary.

4 Utterance Meaning and Communicative Sense - Two Levels or One? -- 4.1 Problematic Phenomena -- 4.1.1 Metaphor -- 4.1.1.1 Traditional Characterisation and its Problems -- 4.1.1.2 Metaphor and The Similarity of Various Types of Meaning -- 4.1.1.3 Metaphor and Attributive Categories -- 4.1.1.4 Empirical Results Concerning Metaphor Interpretation -- 4.1.1.5 Formal approaches to metaphor interpretation -- 4.1.1.6 Summary -- 4.1.2 Irony -- 4.1.2.1 Traditional Characterisation and its Problems -- 4.1.2.2 Irony as echoic interpretive use -- 4.1.2.3 Irony as a Form of Indirect Negation -- 4.1.2.4 Empirical Results Concerning Irony Interpretation -- 4.1.2.5 Summary -- 4.1.3 Conversational Implicatures -- 4.1.3.1 Generalised vs. Particularised Conversational Implicature - Theoretical Approaches -- 4.1.3.2 (Mostly) Empirical Evidence Concerning GCIs -- 4.1.3.3 Summary -- 4.1.4 Speech Acts -- 4.2 Differentiating What is Said from What is Meant -- 4.2.1 What is Said/What is Meant and Indirect Speech Reports -- 4.2.2 Primary vs. Secondary Pragmatic Processes -- 4.2.3 What is Said/What is Meant and Distinct Knowledge Systems -- 4.3 Summary -- 5 Varieties of Meaning, Context and the Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction -- 5.1 Towards an Alternative Characterisation of (Non-)Literal Meaning -- 5.1.1 Literal Meaning and Types of Non-literal Meaning -- 5.1.2 Literal Meaning as 'Minimal Meaning' -- 5.1.3 Nature of the Processes Determining (Non)-Literal Meaning -- 5.1.4 (Non-)Literal Meaning as (Non-)Basic Meaning -- 5.2 The Nature of Context in Utterance Interpretation -- 5.2.1 Context and the Interpretation of Implicit Meaning Aspects -- 5.2.1.1 Free Enrichment and Implicit Meaning Aspects -- 5.2.1.2 Discourse Interpretation and Information from Conceptual Frames.

5.2.1.3 Free Enrichment and Information from Conceptual Frames -- 5.2.1.4 Consequences -- 5.2.2 Context, Semantic Interpretation and the Semantics/ Pragmatics Distinction -- 5.3 Summary -- 6 Summary -- List of Figures -- Bibliography -- Index.