Waste Management in the Chemical and Petroleum Industries -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Biography -- 1 Wastewater Treatment -- 1.1 Characteristics of Wastewaters -- 1.1.1 Suspended Solids -- 1.1.2 Heavy Metals -- 1.1.3 Dissolved Inorganic Solids -- 1.1.4 Toxic Organic Compounds -- 1.1.5 Surfactants -- 1.1.6 Priority Pollutants -- 1.1.7 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 1.2 Treatment Stages -- 1.2.1 Sources of Wastewater -- 1.2.2 Discharge Options and Quality Requirements -- 1.2.3 Preliminary Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.4 Primary Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.5 Conventional Secondary Wastewater Treatment -- 1.2.6 Nutrient Removal or Control -- 1.2.7 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Reclamation -- 1.2.8 Toxic Waste Treatment Specific Contaminant Removal -- 1.2.9 Sludge Processing -- 1.3 Treatment Processes -- 1.3.1 Selection of Treatment Processes -- 1.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Wastewater Systems -- 1.4.1 Determination of the COD -- 1.4.2 Calculation of Theoretical Oxygen Demand -- 2 Physical Unit Operations -- 2.1 Flow Measurement -- 2.2 Screening -- 2.3 Comminution -- 2.4 Grit Removal -- 2.5 Gravity Separation -- 2.5.1 General -- 2.5.2 Application -- 2.5.3 Oil-Water Separator General Design Considerations -- 2.5.4 Conventional Rectangular Channel (API) Separators -- 2.5.5 Parallel-Plate Separators -- 2.5.6 Oil Traps -- 2.5.7 Oil Holding Basins -- 2.6 Flow Equalization -- 2.6.1 Application and Location -- 2.6.2 Volume Requirements -- 2.7 Mixing -- 2.7.1 Description and Type -- 2.7.2 Application -- 2.8 Sedimentation -- 2.8.1 Sedimentation Theory -- 2.8.2 Application and Type -- 2.8.3 Design Considerations -- 2.8.4 Number of Basins -- 2.8.5 Inlet Arrangements -- 2.8.6 Short-Circuiting -- 2.8.7 Outlet Arrangements -- 2.8.8 Detention Time -- 2.8.9 Surface Loading Rate -- 2.8.10 Factors Affecting Sedimentation.

2.9 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) -- 2.9.1 General -- 2.9.2 System Configuration -- 2.9.3 Variables Affecting DAF Efficiency -- 2.9.4 Treatability Testing -- 2.9.5 Design Considerations -- 2.9.6 Instruments and Control -- 2.9.7 Piping -- 2.9.8 Chemical Facilities -- 2.9.9 Material -- 2.9.10 Estimation of Air Concentration in Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Systems -- 2.10 Granular-Media Filters -- 2.10.1 General -- 2.10.2 Filter Types and Applications -- 2.10.3 System Design Parameters -- 2.10.4 Cycle Time -- 2.10.5 Vessels and Appurtenances -- 2.10.6 Instrumentation and Controls -- 3 Chemical Treatment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 3.1.2 Chemical Coagulation -- 3.1.3 Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation -- 3.1.4 Ion Exchange -- 3.1.5 Chemical Stabilization -- 3.2 Definition and Application -- 3.2.1 Activated Carbon Adsorption -- 3.3 Chemical Precipitation -- 3.4 Chemical Flocculation -- 3.4.1 Definition and Applications -- 3.4.2 Design Considerations -- 3.4.3 Clarifier -- 3.4.4 Chemical Addition Systems -- 3.5 Disinfection -- 3.5.1 Chemical Agents -- 3.5.2 Mechanical Means -- 3.6 Chlorination -- 3.6.1 Application -- 3.6.2 Chlorine Dosages -- 3.6.3 Design Considerations -- 4 Biological Treatment -- 4.1 Theory -- 4.1.1 Biological Activated Carbon Process -- 4.1.2 Biokinetic Theoretical Model -- 4.2 Biological Treatment Processes -- 4.2.1 Major Differences in Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment -- 4.2.2 Aerobic Processes -- 4.2.3 Anaerobic Waste Treatment -- 4.2.4 Aerobic, Anaerobic (Facultative) Waste Treatment -- 4.3 Activated-Sludge Units -- 4.3.1 Applications -- 4.3.2 Effects of Activated-Sludge -- 4.3.3 Feed Composition -- 4.3.4 Process Design -- 4.3.5 Design Considerations -- 4.4 Trickling-Filters -- 4.4.1 Trickling-Filter Process Design -- 4.5 Rotating Biological Contactor System -- 4.6 Sewage Oxidation Ponds.

5 Wastewater Treatment in Unconventional Oil and Gas Industries -- 5.1 Background -- 5.1.1 Dissolved and Dispersed Hydrocarbon Components -- 5.1.2 Dissolved Mineral -- 5.1.3 Production Chemicals -- 5.1.4 Produced Solids -- 5.1.5 Dissolved Gases -- 5.2 Toxicity Limitations of Coal Bed Water -- 5.3 Shale Gas and Coal Seam Gas Produced Water, Treatment and Disposal -- 5.3.1 Evaporation Pond -- 5.3.2 Surface Stream Disposal -- 5.3.3 Ion Exchange -- 5.3.4 Membrane Filtration Technology -- 5.3.5 Freeze-Thaw Evaporation -- 5.3.6 Adsorption -- 5.3.7 Chemical Oxidation -- 5.3.8 Filtration -- 5.3.9 Constructed Wetlands -- 5.3.10 Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal -- 5.3.11 Deep Well Injection at Dedicated Onshore Sites -- 5.3.12 Biological Aerated Filters -- 5.3.13 Macro-Porous Polymer Extraction Technology -- 5.3.14 Thermal Technologies -- 5.4 Re-Thinking Technologies for Safer Facing -- 5.5 Water Treatment for Oil Sands Mining -- 5.5.1 Recycling and Water Treatment Options -- 5.5.2 Oily Water Treatment in Oil Sands Mining -- 6 Wastewater Sewer Systems -- 6.1 Stormwater Sewer System -- 6.2 Oily Water Sewer System -- 6.3 Non-Oily Water Sewer System -- 6.4 Chemical Sewer System(s) -- 6.4.1 Disposal of Chemical Sewers -- 6.4.2 Neutralization Systems -- 6.4.3 Type of Chemical Wastes -- 6.5 Sanitary Sewer System -- 6.6 Special Sewer Systems -- 6.7 Effluent Sources and Disposals -- 6.8 Particular Effluents in Refinery and Petrochemical Plants -- 6.8.1 Caustic Scrubs (Heavy Oils) -- 6.8.2 Desalter Wastewater -- 6.8.3 Foul or Sour Waters -- 6.8.4 Spent Caustic Solutions -- 6.8.5 MTBE or Leaded Contaminated Streams -- 6.8.6 Benzene Contaminated Streams -- 6.8.7 Spent Sulfuric Acid Products -- 6.8.8 Nitrogen Base Components -- 6.8.9 Cyanides -- 6.8.10 Aluminum Chloride -- 6.8.11 Polyelectrolyte -- 6.8.12 Ferric Chloride -- 6.8.13 Phosphoric Acid.

6.8.14 Hydrofluoric Acid -- 6.8.15 Other Spent Catalysts -- 6.8.16 Chemical Cleaning Wastes -- 6.8.17 Sulfur Solidification and Crushing Facilities and Loading Systems Drainage -- 6.8.18 Water Containing Solids, Emulsifying Agents, etc. -- 6.8.19 Heavy Viscous Oils Drainage -- 6.8.20 Toxic Metal Contaminated Streams -- 6.8.21 Solvent Processes Drainage -- 6.8.22 Treating Processes Drainage -- 6.9 Petrochemical Plants Special Effluents -- 6.9.1 Summary of DisposalTreatment Methods -- 6.10 NGL, LNG, and LPG Area Effluents -- 6.10.1 Liquefied Gas Spill -- 6.11 Gas Treatment Facilities Effluents -- 6.12 Effluents from Terminals, Depots, and Product Handling Areas -- 6.13 General Considerations and Conditions for Release of Wastes -- 6.13.1 Characteristics and Composition of Waste -- 6.13.2 Characteristics of the Discharge Site and Receiving Environment -- 6.13.3 Availability of Waste Technologies -- 6.14 Effluent Wastewater Characteristics -- 6.14.1 Flow -- 6.14.2 Temperature -- 6.14.3 pH -- 6.14.4 Oxygen Demand -- 6.14.5 Phenol Content -- 6.14.6 Sulfide Content -- 6.14.7 Oil Content -- 6.14.8 Light Hydrocarbon Solubility in Water -- 6.14.9 Predicting Water-Hydrocarbon System Mutual Solubility -- 6.15 Wastewater Emissions -- 6.15.1 Point Source Discharge -- 6.15.2 Effluent Permissible Concentrations -- 7 Sewage Treatment -- 7.1 Sewage Effluents -- 7.1.1 Receiving Water -- 7.1.2 Final Effluents of Domestic Wastewater Plants -- 7.2 Methods of Sewage Treatment: General -- 7.2.1 Conventional Methods -- 7.3 Choice of System: General -- 7.4 Design of Sewage Treatment Plants: General Guidances -- 7.5 Design of Small Sewage Treatment Plants -- 7.5.1 Collection of Information -- 7.6 Preliminary Treatment -- 7.7 Primary and Secondary Settlement Tanks -- 7.7.1 Capacities of Primary Settlement Tanks -- 7.8 Sludge Digesters -- 7.9 Drying Beds.

7.9.1 Secondary Settlement Tanks -- 7.10 Biological Filters -- 7.10.1 Distribution -- 7.10.2 Volume of Filter -- 7.10.3 Mineral Filter Media -- 7.11 Activated-Sludge Units -- 7.12 Tertiary Treatment (Polishing) Processes -- 7.13 Disposal of Final Effluent -- 7.14 Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- 7.14.1 Effects of Chemical Constituents in Wastewater -- 7.14.2 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Operations and Processes -- 7.15 Effluent Disposal and Reuse -- 7.15.1 Direct and Indirect Reuse of Wastewater -- 8 Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal -- 8.1 Basic Considerations -- 8.1.1 Classification -- 8.1.2 Methodology -- 8.1.3 Sources -- 8.1.4 Characteristics -- 8.1.5 Quantities -- 8.2 Sludge Handling, Treatment, and Reuse -- 8.2.1 General -- 8.2.2 Sludge and Scum Pumping -- 8.2.3 Sludge Piping -- 8.2.4 Preliminary Operation Facilities -- 8.2.5 Thickening (Concentration) -- 8.3 Stabilization -- 8.3.1 Design Considerations -- 8.3.2 Lime Stabilization -- 8.3.3 Heat Treatment -- 8.3.4 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion -- 8.3.5 Composting -- 8.4 Conditioning -- 8.5 Disinfection -- 8.6 Dewatering -- 8.6.1 Sludge Dewatering Methods -- 8.6.2 Vacuum Filtration -- 8.6.3 Centrifugation -- 8.6.4 Belt Filter Press -- 8.6.5 Sludge Drying Beds -- 8.6.6 Lagoons -- 8.7 Heat Drying -- 8.8 Thermal Reduction -- 8.8.1 Thermal Reduction Process Applications -- 8.9 Land Application of Sludge -- 8.10 Chemical Fixation -- 8.11 Final Sludge and Solids Conveyance, Storage, and Disposal -- 8.11.1 Conveyance Methods -- 8.11.2 Environmental Considerations in Sludge Transportation -- 8.11.3 Sludge Storage -- 8.11.4 Final Disposal -- 8.11.5 Incineration -- 8.11.6 Ash Handling and Disposal -- 8.12 Disposal of Solid Waste -- 8.12.1 Types of Waste -- 8.12.2 Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities -- 8.12.3 Non-Hazardous Waste.

8.12.4 Sources, Segregation, Quantities, and Characteristics of Solid Waste in Refineries.