Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Chapter 1 Changing Patterns of Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa:An Overview -- Chapter 2 Levels and Trends in Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview -- Chapter 3 Trends in Child Mortality, 1960 to 2000 -- Chapter 4 Levels and Trends of Adult Mortality -- Chapter 5 Causes of Death -- Chapter 6 Population and Mortality after AIDS -- Chapter 7 Levels and Patterns of Mortality at INDEPTH Demographic Surveillance Systems -- Chapter 8 Trends and Issues in Child Undernutrition -- Chapter 9 Diarrheal Diseases -- Chapter 10 Developmental Disabilities -- Chapter 11 Acute Respiratory Infections -- Chapter 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases -- Chapter 13 Tuberculosis -- Chapter 14 Malaria -- Chapter 15 Onchocerciasis -- Chapter 16 Maternal Mortality -- Chapter 17 HIV/AIDS -- Chapter 18 Lifestyle and Related Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases -- Chapter 19 Diabetes Mellitus -- Chapter 20 Cancers -- Chapter 21 Cardiovascular Disease -- Chapter 22 Mental Health and the Abuse of Alcohol and Controlled Substances -- Chapter 23 Neurological Disorders -- Chapter 24 Violence and Injuries -- Index -- Boxes -- 1.1 Synopsis of the Key Concerns for DMSSA-1 -- 1.2 The Health-Related Millennium Development Goals and Indicators -- 13.1 The WHO Stop TB Strategy -- 13.2 Main Constraints to Improving TB Control, as Identified by National Program Managers in Africa -- 16.1 Model of Three Levels of Delay -- 19.1 Organization of Diabetes Care -- Figures -- 1.1 Real GDP per Capita Growth, by Region, 1991-2015 -- 1.2 Real GDP per Capita, by Developing Region, 1980-2003 -- 1.3 Population below Age 15, 2003 -- 1.4 Median Age of Population, 1990 and 2003 -- 1.5 Total Fertility Rate, 1990 and 2003 -- 1.6 Age Pyramid for Botswana, 2005, with and without AIDS.

2.1 Infant Mortality Rate in Selected Countries, 1960-2005 -- 2.2 Life Expectancy in Selected Countries -- 3.1 Contrasting Data Availability: The Republic of Congo and Kenya -- 3.2 Estimated Levels of Under-Five and Infant Mortality, by Region of Africa, 2000 -- 3.3 Trends in Under-Five Mortality, by Five-Year Period and Region, 1960-2000 -- 3.4 Annual Rate of Change in Under-Five Mortality, by Five-Year Period, 1965-2000 -- 3.5 Relationships between CHMR and IMR, by Country -- 3.6 Estimated Relationships between CHMR and IMR, by Region -- 3A.1 Fitted Trends Using Different Numbers of Knot Parameters -- 3B.1 Examples of "Quality" Categories for Selected Countries -- 4.1 Probabilities of Dying between Exact Ages 15 and 60 in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Sex -- 4.2 Conditional Probabilities of Dying between Ages 30 and 65 in Zimbabwe, by Sex, from Different Data Sources, 1969-90 -- 4.3 Conditional Probabilities of Dying between Ages 15 and 60 in South Africa, by Sex, from Different Data Sources, 1980-2000 -- 4.4 Age Distribution of Reported Adult Deaths on the National Population Register of South Africa, by Sex, 1998-2003 -- 4.5 Trend in the Estimates of the Probabilities of Dying between Ages 15 and 60 (45q15 ), by Sex and WHO Region, from DHS Sib -- 5.1 Global Mortality Strata for GBD 2000 Regions -- 5.2 Estimated Age-Specific Death Rates for Zambia, 2000 -- 5.3 Model-Based Predictions of GBD Cause-Group Composition of Mortality by Age and Sex, Zambia, 2000 -- 5.4 Summary of GBD Process for Estimating Cause-Specific Mortality in African Countries -- 6.1 Projected Population, Sub-Saharan Africa and Three Selected Countries -- 6.2 Projected Crude Birth Rate, Sub-Saharan Africa and Botswana -- 6.3 Distribution of Women of Reproductive Age in the UN Projection and the No-AIDS Scenario, Botswana.

6.4 Mortality Effects on Population, Relative to the No-AIDS Scenario, in Different Projections -- 6.5 Projected Life Expectancy, Sub-Saharan Africa and Three Selected Countries -- 6.6 HIV Prevalence and Maximum Loss in Life Expectancy in Alternative Projections -- 6.7 Female Advantage in Life Expectancy, Sub-Saharan Africa and Three Selected Countries -- 6.8 Adult Mortality (45q15) by Sex in UN Projections, Sub-Saharan Africa and Lesotho -- 6.9 Sex Ratios by Age from UN Projections, Zimbabwe -- 6.10 Dependency Ratio, Sub-Saharan Africa and Three Selected Countries -- 6.11 Consistency among Alternative Estimates of Current Adult Mortality (45q15) -- 6.12 HIV Prevalence in 2001 and 2003 -- 6.13 Alternative Population Projections, Zambia and Botswana -- 6.14 Alternative Projections of Life Expectancy in Zambia and Botswana -- 7.1 Standard Population Age Structure from INDEPTH, Segi, and WHO -- 7.2 Crude Death Rate and Expectation of Life at Birth -- 7.3 Child Mortality: Probability of Dying between Birth and Age Five (5q0) -- 7.4 INDEPTH Mortality Patterns 1-7, ln (nqx) -- 8.1 The UNICEF Conceptual Framework of the Determinants of Nutritional Status -- 8.2 The Burden of Undernutrition through the Life Cycle and across Generations -- 8.3 Prevalence of Stunting in Children Age 6 to 60 Months, by Country -- 8.4 Subnational Estimates of the Prevalence of Underweight Preschool Children and Area Density of Underweight Children -- 8.5 Stunting Prevalence among Preschoolers, by Urban or Rural Residence, Selected Countries -- 8.6 Prevalence of Underweight Preschool Children by Wealth Quintile, Selected Countries -- 8.7 Under-Five Mortality Rates and Progress Being Made in Reducing Under-Five Mortality, by Country -- 8.8 Scatter Plot of National Under-Five Mortality and Underweight Prevalence Rates.

8.9 Daily Dietary Energy Supply Available and Food Production Index, by Country -- 8.10 Access to Safe Water and Adequate Sanitation, by Country -- 8.11 Health Services, by Country -- 8.12 Female Adult Literacy Rates and Girls 'Net Primary Enrollment Rates, by Country -- 8.13 Proportion of Infants Receiving Only Breast Milk in the First Year of Life, Selected Countries -- 8.14 Effect of Economic Growth on Attaining the Millennium Development Goal of Reducing the Prevalence of Underweight Preschool Children,Tanzania -- 9.1 Slowing Progress in Child Mortality -- 9.2 Sites with Available Under-Five Diarrhea Mortality Data -- 9.3 Medians of Diarrheal Proportional Mortality among Children under Five in the African Region,1980-95 -- 9.4 Medians of Diarrheal Proportional Mortality among Children under Five in the African Region and Other Developing Regions,1980 -95 -- 9.5 Change in Sanitation Coverage by Region, 1990-2000 -- 10.1 Relationship between Impairment,Disability,and Handicap (ICIDH) -- 10.2 Relationship between Body Functions, Activities, and Participation (ICF) -- 10.3 Research Steps in the Development of Public Health Interventions -- 10.4 Causal Pathways for Developmental Disabilities -- 12.1 Percentage of Target Population in Africa Vaccinated, by Vaccine Type, 1980-2002 -- 12.2 Immunization Coverage with Measles-Containing Vaccines, 2003 -- 12.3 Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Status, 2002 -- 12.4 Global and Regional Immunization Coverage, Three Doses DTP, 1980-2001 -- 12.5 Epidemics of Yellow Fever in Africa Reported to the WHO, 1980-2003 -- 12.6 African Nations Using Hepatitis B Vaccine in a National Infant Immunization Campaign, 2002 -- 12.7 Number of Childhood Vaccines Routinely Used in Developing and Established-Market Countries -- 13.1 Relative Incidence of TB in HIV-Infected Individuals as a Function of CD4+ Cell Count.

13.2 Estimated Incidence Rates of New TB Cases and Percentages of TB Patients Infected with HIV, by Country, 2004 -- 13.3 Trends in TB (All Forms) Case Notifications in the WHO African Region Contrasted with Trends in Other Parts of the World -- 13.4 Estimated TB Incidence in Relation to Estimated HIV Prevalence in Adults Age 15 to 49 for 42 Countries in the WHO African Region -- 13.5 Prevalence of HIV in TB Cases (All Forms) in Relation to HIV Prevalence in Adults Age 15 to 49 -- 13.6 Progress toward the Target of 70 Percent Case Detection in the WHO African Region, Compared with the Average Progress Wo -- 13.7 Expected Reductions in the Number of TB Cases in Kenya over 10 Years -- 13.8 Proportional Reduction in the Incidence of TB over 20 Years among HIV-Positives as a Function of Effective Coverage and the CD4 Count per Microliter at Which People Start ARV Therapy -- 14.1 Malarial Risks in Children Age 0 to 14 Years in a Stable Endemic Area of the Kenyan Coast -- 14.2 Public Health Effects of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria -- 14.3 Fuzzy Climate Suitability Membership for Malaria -- 14.4 Malaria-Specific and All-Cause Mortality Estimates per Year for Children under Five -- 14.5 Malaria-Specific, Nonmalaria, and All-Cause Mortality Rates among Children under Five -- 15.1 Prevalence of Onchocerciasis Infection in 1974 and Gradual Expansion, 1977-92 -- 15.2 Prevalence of Onchocercias Infection in 2002 -- 15.3 Scaling Up with Additional Interventions -- 16.1 Major Causes of Maternal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 16.2 Relation between Skilled Attendant at Delivery and MMR for All Countries, 1995 -- 16.3 Effects of the Introduction in Romania of an Anti-Abortion Law in 1966 and Legalization of Abortion in 1989 -- 17.1 Disease Burden and Treatment of AIDS in Relation to Global Population and Economy -- 17.2 Global Burden of HIV-1 Infection.

17.3 Distribution of Major HIV-1 Subtypes and Circulating Recombinant Forms in Africa.