Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Overview of Membrane Science and Technology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical Development of Membranes -- 1.3 Types of Membranes -- 1.3.1 Isotropic Membranes -- 1.3.2 Anisotropic Membranes -- 1.3.3 Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes -- 1.4 Membrane Processes -- References -- Chapter 2 Membrane Transport Theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Solution-Diffusion Model -- 2.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 2.2.2 Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes -- 2.2.3 Application of the Solution-Diffusion Model to Specific Processes -- 2.2.4 A Unified View -- 2.3 Structure-Permeability Relationships in Solution-Diffusion Membranes -- 2.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients -- 2.3.2 Sorption Coefficients in Polymers -- 2.4 Pore-Flow Membranes -- 2.4.1 Permeation in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membranes -- 2.4.2 Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusion in Microporous Membranes -- 2.4.3 Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) -- 2.4.4 The Transition Region -- 2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 3 Membranes and Modules -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Isotropic Membranes -- 3.2.1 Isotropic Nonporous Membranes -- 3.2.2 Isotropic Microporous Membranes -- 3.3 Anisotropic Membranes -- 3.3.1 Phase separation membranes -- 3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization Membranes -- 3.3.3 Solution-Coated Composite Membranes -- 3.3.4 Other Anisotropic Membranes -- 3.3.5 Repairing Membrane Defects -- 3.4 Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass Membranes -- 3.4.1 Metal Membranes -- 3.4.2 Ceramic Membranes -- 3.4.3 Zeolite Membranes -- 3.4.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes -- 3.4.5 Carbon Membranes -- 3.4.6 Microporous Glass Membranes -- 3.5 Liquid Membranes -- 3.6 Hollow Fiber Membranes -- 3.7 Membrane Modules.

3.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules -- 3.7.2 Tubular Modules -- 3.7.3 Spiral-Wound Modules -- 3.7.4 Hollow Fiber Modules -- 3.7.5 Other Module Types -- 3.8 Module Selection -- 3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 4 Concentration Polarization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Boundary Layer Film Model -- 4.3 Determination of the Peclet Number -- 4.4 Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes -- 4.5 Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes -- 4.6 Cross-Flow, Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow -- 4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 5 Reverse Osmosis -- 5.1 Introduction and History -- 5.2 Theoretical Background -- 5.3 Membranes and Materials -- 5.3.1 Cellulosic Membranes -- 5.3.2 Noncellulosic Polymer Membranes -- 5.3.3 Interfacial Composite Membranes -- 5.3.4 Other Membrane Materials -- 5.4 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Categories -- 5.4.1 Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination Membranes -- 5.4.2 Nanofiltration Membranes -- 5.4.3 Hyperfiltration Organic Solvent Separating Membranes -- 5.5 Membrane Selectivity -- 5.6 Membrane Modules -- 5.7 Membrane Fouling Control -- 5.7.1 Scale -- 5.7.2 Silt -- 5.7.3 Biofouling -- 5.7.4 Organic Fouling -- 5.7.5 Membrane Cleaning -- 5.8 Applications -- 5.8.1 Brackish Water Desalination -- 5.8.2 Seawater Desalination -- 5.8.3 Ultrapure Water -- 5.8.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.8.5 Nanofiltration -- 5.8.6 Organic Solvent Separation -- 5.9 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6 Ultrafiltration -- 6.1 Introduction and History -- 6.2 Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes -- 6.3 Membrane Fouling -- 6.3.1 Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation -- 6.3.2 Concentration Polarization -- 6.3.3 Fouling Control -- 6.4 Membranes.

6.5 Constant Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications -- 6.5.1 Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Modules -- 6.5.2 Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System Design -- 6.5.3 Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules -- 6.6 Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications -- 6.6.1 Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules -- 6.6.2 Submerged Membrane Modules and System Design -- 6.6.3 Submerged Membrane Applications -- 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 7 Microfiltration -- 7.1 Introduction and History -- 7.2 Background -- 7.2.1 Types of Membrane -- 7.2.2 Membrane Characterization -- 7.2.3 Microfiltration Membranes and Modules -- 7.2.4 Process Design -- 7.3 Applications -- 7.3.1 Sterile Filtration of Pharmaceuticals -- 7.3.2 Sterilization of Wine and Beer -- 7.3.3 Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8 Gas Separation -- 8.1 Introduction and History -- 8.2 Theoretical Background -- 8.2.1 Polymer Membranes -- 8.2.2 Metal Membranes -- 8.2.3 Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes -- 8.2.4 Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes -- 8.2.5 Mixed-Matrix Membranes -- 8.3 Membrane Modules -- 8.4 Process Design -- 8.4.1 Pressure Ratio -- 8.4.2 Stage-Cut -- 8.4.3 Multistep and Multistage System Designs -- 8.4.4 Recycle Designs -- 8.5 Applications -- 8.5.1 Hydrogen Separations -- 8.5.2 Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation -- 8.5.3 Natural Gas Separations -- 8.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation -- 8.5.5 Vapor/Gas Separations -- 8.5.6 Dehydration of Air -- 8.5.7 Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide/ Nitrogen Separations -- 8.5.8 Vapor/Vapor Separations -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 9 Pervaporation -- 9.1 Introduction and History -- 9.2 Theoretical Background -- 9.3 Membrane Materials and Modules.

9.3.1 Membrane Materials -- 9.3.2 Dehydration Membranes -- 9.3.3 Organic/Water Separation Membranes -- 9.3.4 Organic/Organic Separation Membranes -- 9.3.5 Membrane Modules -- 9.4 System Design -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.5.1 Solvent Dehydration -- 9.5.2 Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water -- 9.5.3 Separation of Organic Mixtures -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 10 Ion Exchange Membrane Processes-Electrodialysis -- 10.1 Introduction/History -- 10.2 Theoretical Background -- 10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes -- 10.3 Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes -- 10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes -- 10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes -- 10.4 Electrodialysis -- 10.4.1 Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density -- 10.4.2 Current Efficiency and Power Consumption -- 10.4.3 System Design -- 10.5 Electrodialysis Applications -- 10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination -- 10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater -- 10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis Separation Applications -- 10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and Ultrapure Water -- 10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes -- 10.6 Fuel Cells -- 10.7 Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes -- 10.8 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 11 Carrier Facilitated Transport -- 11.1 Introduction/History -- 11.2 Coupled Transport -- 11.2.1 Background -- 11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes -- 11.2.3 Coupled Transport Membranes -- 11.2.4 Applications -- 11.3 Facilitated Transport -- 11.3.1 Background -- 11.3.2 Process Designs -- 11.3.3 Applications -- 11.4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 12 Medical Applications of Membranes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Hemodialysis -- 12.3 Blood Oxygenators -- 12.4 Plasma Fractionation -- 12.5 Controlled Drug Delivery.

12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems -- 12.5.2 Biodegradable Systems -- 12.5.3 Osmotic Systems -- References -- Chapter 13 Other Membrane Processes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Dialysis -- 13.3 Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis) -- 13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and Piezodialysis -- 13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation -- 13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors -- 13.6 Membrane Reactors -- 13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors -- 13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane Reactors -- 13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) -- 13.9 Chiral Drug Separation -- 13.10 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Appendix -- Index.