Register Variation in Indian English -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- 1. Introduction -- 1.0 English as a global language: Emergence of new varieties -- 1.1 Understanding New Englishes -- 1.2 International Corpus of English: Role in Dialect Research -- 1.3 Development of Corpus of Contemporary Indian English (CCIE): Outcomes of Project -- 1.3.1 Combining CCIE with ICE-India -- 1.4 English in India: Context for the book -- 1.5 Outline of the book -- 2. Literature review -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Methodologies employed in dialect studies -- 2.1.1 Regional and Social dialectology -- 2.1.1.1 Regional Dialectology -- 2.1.1.2 Strengths and weaknesses of regional dialectology -- 2.1.2 Sociolinguistic studies -- 2.1.2.1 Strengths of sociolinguistic dialect studies -- 2.1.3 Similarities and differences between regional dialectology and social dialectology. -- 2.1.4 Corpus linguistics and dialectology: the study of register -- 2.1.4.1 Corpus linguistics and representativeness -- 2.1.4.2 Strengths and weaknesses of Corpus Linguistics as a methodology to study dialect -- 2.2 Variety studies today -- 2.2.1 Illustrative/Impressionistic studies -- 2.2.2 Empirical/Data-based studies -- 2.2.3 Corpus-based studies -- 2.3 Treatment of varieties in variety studies: Representation of variety being examined and Implications -- 2.4 Situating the study of Indian English -- 2.4.1 Previous literature on linguistic features examined in current study -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3. Corpus design and methodology -- 3.0 Introduction and overview of methodology -- 3.1 Construction of the Corpus of Contemporary Indian English -- 3.1.1 Written corpus -- 3.1.1.1 Major sources of the written corpus -- 3.1.1.2 Registers and sub-registers of the written corpus -- 3.1.1.2.1 Register: Written news.

3.1.1.2.2 Register: Fiction -- 3.1.1.2.3 Register: Written entertainment -- 3.1.1.2.4 Register: Business Correspondence -- 3.1.1.2.5 Register: Personal correspondence -- 3.1.1.2.6 Register: Written sports -- 3.1.1.2.7 Register: Written travel news -- 3.1.1.3 Summary of Written registers and their sources -- 3.1.2 Spoken corpus -- 3.1.2.1 Register: Spoken news -- 3.1.2.2 Register: Spoken Academic English -- 3.1.2.3 Register: Conversational English -- 3.1.2.4 Register: Spoken sports -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Initial processing of written texts -- 3.2.1.1 Saving the texts -- 3.2.1.2 Naming the texts -- 3.2.2 Initial processing of spoken texts -- 3.2.2.1 Recording spoken data -- 3.2.2.2 Transcription -- 3.2.2.3 Naming spoken files -- 3.2.3 Computer programs used for the initial analysis of both spoken and written files -- 3.2.4 Combining CCIE with ICE-India -- 3.2.5 Initial processing of all corpus files -- 3.2.6 Analysis of the files: Computer programs for different kinds of analyses -- 3.2.7 Kinds of analyses -- 3.2.7.1 Type I analysis: Identifying Indian and non-Indian variants -- 3.2.7.2 Type II analysis: General descriptions of patterns of occurrences -- 3.2.8 Linguistic features and methodology employed in their initial analysis -- 3.2.8.1 Features examined in study -- 3.2.8.2 Rationale for choice of and description of linguistic features -- 3.2.8.3 Lexical features -- 3.2.8.3.1 Keep used meaning Put -- 3.2.8.3.2 Stay used meaning live -- 3.2.8.3.3 Indian words -- 3.2.8.4 Grammatical features -- 3.2.8.4.1 Stative verbs in the progressive -- 3.2.8.4.2 Patterns of occurrence of the present and past perfect -- 3.2.8.4.3 Prepositional verbs and preposition use -- 3.2.8.4.4 Articles -- 3.2.8.4.5 Use of future instead of simple present -- 3.2.8.4.6 Use of the progressive instead of simple or perfect aspect verbs.

3.2.8.4.7 Absence of subject-auxiliary inversion in WH-question formation -- 3.2.8.4.8 Transitive verbs used intransitively -- 3.2.8.4.9 Relative clauses -- 3.2.8.4.10 Patterns of occurrence of modals -- 3.2.8.4.11 Initial and non-initial existential There -- 3.2.8.4.12 Invariant tag isn't it? and No? -- 3.2.8.4.13 Also and Too -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4. Lexical and grammatical features in spoken and written Indian English -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 Analysis of lexical features -- 4.1.1 Keep meaning Put: Type I analysis -- 4.1.2 Stay meaning Live: Type I analysis -- 4.1.3 Indian words: Type II Analysis -- 4.2 Grammatical features -- 4.2.1. Stative verbs in the progressive: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.2 Past and present Perfect: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.2.1 Past Perfect -- 4.2.2.2 Present Perfect -- 4.2.3 Prepositional verbs and prepositions: Type II Analysis -- 4.2.3.1 Productivity of particular verbs and prepositions -- 4.2.3.2 Prepositional verbs in British and American English versus Indian English -- 4.2.3.3 Most common prepositional verbs -- 4.2.4 Article use: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.4.1 Articles before ordinal numbers -- 4.2.4.2 Articles before noun phrases (spoken corpus only) -- 4.2.4.3 Articles before lot of -- 4.2.4.4 Articles before little -- 4.2.4.5 Articles before few -- 4.2.4.6 Articles before number of -- 4.2.4.7 Summary of article analysis -- 4.2.5 Future instead of simple present: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.6 Progressive of non stative verbs: Type II Analysis -- 4.2.7 Absence of subject-auxiliary inversion in WH-questions: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.8 Transitive Verbs used intransitively: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.9 Relative constructions: Type II Analysis -- 4.2.9.1 Common relativizers -- 4.2.9.1.1 Who versus which and that -- 4.2.9.1.2 Which versus that -- 4.2.9.2 Frequency of relative clauses -- 4.2.9.3 Non-standard relativizers.

4.2.9.4 Summary of Relative Clause Analysis -- 4.2.10 Modals: Type II Analysis -- 4.2.10.1 Observations about the distribution of modals and semi-modals in Indian English. -- 4.2.11 Initial and non-initial Existential There: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.12 Invariant tag isn't it? and No?: Type I Analysis -- 4.2.12.1 Isn't it -- 4.2.12.2 No -- 4.2.13 Circumstance Adverbials Also and Too: Type II Analysis -- 4.2.13.1 Results on general distribution -- 4.2.13.2 Results on position -- 4.2.13.3 Results on position of also and focus of sentence -- 4.3 Conclusion -- 5. Register variation: Lexical features -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Keep meaning Put: Type I analysis -- 5.2 Stay meaning Live -- 5.3 Indian words -- 5.3.1 Discussion of Indian words in Conversational English -- 5.3.2 Discussion of Indian words in Spoken Academic Language -- 5.3.3 Discussion of Indian words in Spoken News -- 5.3.4 Discussion of Indian words in Written News -- 5.3.5 Discussion of Indian words in Written Academic English -- 5.3.6 Discussion of Indian words in Business Correspondence -- 5.3.7 Discussion of Indian words in Personal Correspondence -- 5.3.8 Discussion of Indian words in Written Entertainment News -- 5.3.9 Discussion of Indian words in Fiction -- 5.3.10 Discussion of Indian words in Written Travel News -- 5.3.11 Discussion of Indian words across registers -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6. Register variation: Grammatical features -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Stative verbs in the progressive: Type I analysis -- 6.2 Past and present perfect -- 6.2.1 Past perfect -- 6.2.2 Present perfect -- 6.3 Articles -- 6.3.1 Article use before ordinal numbers -- 6.3.2 Articles before phrases -- 6.3.3 Articles before quantifiers -- 6.3.4 Summary of article analysis -- 6.4 Use of the future instead of the simple present (for habitual present) -- 6.5 Progressive vs. perfect and simple tenses.

6.6 Absence of subject-auxiliary inversion in WH-question formation -- 6.6.1 Yes-No questions occurring as statements with rising intonation -- 6.7 Transitive verbs used intransitively -- 6.8 Relative clauses -- 6.9 Modals -- 6.10 Initial and Non-Initial Existential "There" -- 6.11 Invariant tag isn't it -- 6.11.1 Isn't it -- 6.11.2 No -- 6.12 Also and Too -- 6.12.1 General distribution results -- 6.12.2 Positions of also and too -- 6.12.2.1 Also -- 6.12.2.2 Too -- 6.12.3 Also and focus -- 6.13 Conclusion -- 7. Conclusion -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Summary of Type 1 Analyses -- 7.2 Summary of Type II analyses -- 7.3 Conclusions to be drawn from type I and type II analyses -- 7.4 Co-occurrence of Indian variants -- 7.5 What then is Indian English? -- 7.6 Revisiting Kachru's Concentric Circles -- 7.7 Limitations of the study -- 7.8 Directions for Future Research -- References -- Methodologies employed in the study of language varieties -- Review of variety studies -- List of Indian Fiction -- Tape insert -- Corpus contributor questionnaire -- Header for spoken file -- Tables of Indian Words in registers of Indian English -- Author index -- Topic index -- The series Studies in Corpus Linguistics.