Environmental Forensics -- Contents -- Environmental Forensics and the Importance of Source Identification -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Legislative Framework for Environmental Forensics -- 2.1 National Legislation -- 2.2 Regional Legislation -- 2.3 US Legislation -- 3 Source Identification -- 3.1 Illegal Discharges -- 3.2 Fugitive Emissions or Discharge -- 3.3 Deliberate 'Fly-tipping' -- 3.4 Historical Discharges -- 3.5 Altered Environmental Processes -- 4 Tools for Source Apportionment -- 4.1 Chemical Approaches -- 4.2 Biological Approaches -- 5 Summary -- References -- Microbial Techniques for Environmental Forensics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traditional Microbial Forensics -- 2.1 Community-level Physiological Profiling -- 2.2 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiling -- 3 Emerging Microbial Analyses -- 3.1 Microbial Analysis and Environmental Forensics -- 3.2 The Basis of Molecular Microbial Forensic Techniques -- 3.3 Ribosomes -- 3.4 Ribosomal RNA and Taxonomy -- 3.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 4 PCR-based DNA Fingerprinting Techniques -- 4.1 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Its Derivatives -- 4.2 Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (SSCP) -- 4.3 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) -- 5 Limitations of PCR-based Methodologies -- 6 Forensic Interpretation of Profiles -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Spatial Considerations of Stable Isotope Analyses in Environmental Forensics -- 1 A Background in Stable Isotopes -- 1.1 Stable Isotopes - a Primer -- 1.2 Isotope Ratio Composition is Presented in Delta Notation -- 1.3 Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer -- 2 The Stable Isotopes of Water -- 2.1 The Meteoric Water Line -- 2.2 Isotopes of Water on a Spatial Scale -- 3 Spatial Forensic Applications Based on H and O Isotopes -- 3.1 Cotton as an Example of Plant Sourcing.

3.2 Wine as an Example of Food Sourcing -- 3.3 Keratin as an Example of Animal Sourcing -- 4 Opportunities to Examine C and N Isotopes on a Spatial Basis -- 4.1 The Imprint of Photosynthetic Pathways -- 4.2 Cocaine Origins are Reflected in C and N Isotopes -- References -- Diagnostic Compounds for Fingerprinting Petroleum in the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Petroleum Genesis, Refining, Weathering and Mixing -- 1.2 The Philosophy of Chemical Fingerprinting -- 2 Diagnostic Compounds -- 2.1 Trimethylpentanes -- 2.2 Gasoline Additives -- 2.3 Diamondoids -- 2.4 Acyclic Alkanes -- 2.5 Sesquiterpanes -- 2.6 n-Alkylcyclohexanes -- 2.7 Diterpenoids -- 2.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 2.9 Triterpenoids -- 2.10 Steroids -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Perchlorate - Is Nature the Main Manufacturer? -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Changing Perspectives -- 1.2 The Perchlorate Legacy - Emergence of a Long-used Contaminant -- 1.3 Keys to Forensic Investigations -- 2 Environmental Forensic Investigation of Perchlorate -- 2.1 Perchlorate - Unique Chemical -- 2.2 Sources of Perchlorate -- 2.3 Tracking Perchlorate in the Environment -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Tracking Chlorinated Solvents in the Environment -- 1 Introduction - The Environmental Legacy -- 2 The State of Knowledge -- 3 Sources and Uses -- 4 Traits and Environmental Behavior -- 5 Significance of Environmental Forensics for Site Remediation -- 6 Forensic Techniques for Tracking the Source and Age of Chlorinated Solvents -- 6.1 Chemical Fingerprinting -- 6.2 Isotopic Fingerprinting -- 6.3 Dendroecology -- 7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Groundwater Pollution: The Emerging Role of Environmental Forensics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Fundamental Questions -- 3 Subsurface Forensic Methods -- 3.1 Site History -- 3.2 Site Testing.

3.3 Historical Knowledge of Subsurface Contamination -- 4 Examples of Some Important and Challenging Specific Questions -- 4.1 What Was the Chemical Material That Was Released? -- 4.2 Does the Groundwater Plume Track Back to the Releases or Source Zones? -- 4.3 Can the Contaminants be Traced Back to the Source Zone? -- 5 Concluding Discussion -- References -- Subject Index.